Vitamins And Minerals Flashcards
What are vitamins
How are they supplied to the body
- organic nutrients which cannot be synthesized by the body and required in small amounts for biochemical processes
- must be supplied by diet
List class 1 vitamins and their cohort How are they absorbed and secreted by the body
- water soluble
- vitamin B1, B2, B6, B12, C, niacin and B12
/absorbed via hepatic portal vein and excess secreted through urine
List class 2 vitamins and their cohort
How assimilated and Fate of excess
- fat soluble
- vitamin A,D,E,K
- digested with fat in intestines and incorporated into chylomicans
- excess not excreted by stored in adipose tissue and liver
Vitamin A alias, function, deficiency disease and source
-retinol , Beta carotene
- antioxidant, regulates normal cell growth and diff and prevents abnormal cell proliferation
- visual pigments In retina
-night blindness, keratinization of skin , xerophthalmia vdb
Vitamin B1 alias, function, deficiency disease and source
- thiamin
- energy production, heart muscle and nervous system functioning
- beriberi ( total absence ) , CNS lesions ( wernicke-korsakoff syndrome )
- fatigue
-bread , cereals and beans
Vitamin B2 alias, function, deficiency disease and source
- riboflavin
- energy production, maintain health of buccal mucous membrane tongue and skin , coenzyme in redox reactions
- lips tongue and mouth corner ulcers, irritating skin and eye
- dairy , legumes , eggs
How can riboflavin be destroyed and precaution taken
By sunlight,
-not to be stored in transparent container
Vitamin B6 alias, function, deficiency disease and source
- pyridoxine
- antibody synthesis, RBC formation, Maintain normal brain function, protein synthesis
- convulsions , numbness, neurological disorders, disorder of protein metabolism
- bread , legumes , eggs
Vitamin B12 alias, function, deficiency disease and source
- cobalamin
- metabolism of folic acid, RBC formation, activate aas during protein synthesis, aids in cell longevity and formation of new ones
- perinicious anemia
- dairy , meat , eggs
Vitamin C alias, function, deficiency disease and source
- ascorbic acid
- antioxidant, electron transport , Fe absorption, enhances immune system
- scurvy ( impaired wound healing ), prone to bleeding ( subcutaneous hemorrhaging ). Loss of dental cement
- oranges , tomatoes , green vegetables
Vitamin D alias, function, deficiency disease and source
- calciferol
- facilitates intestinal digestion of Ca,
-osteoporosis ( Brittle bone ) , rickets , osteomalacia ( bone
Demineralization)
-eggs, whole milk , skin exposed to sunlight can produce calciferol
Vitamin E alias, function, deficiency disease and source
- tocopherols
- antioxidant , protects polyunsaturated fats from oxidation , maintains vitamin A integrity
- serious neurological dysfunction ( rare )
-
Vitamin Bc alias, function, deficiency disease and source
- folic acid, vitamin M
- increased appetite, coenzyme in transfer of one C fragments , if used with PABA ( para-aminobenzoic acid ) prevents Grey hair
- megaloblastic anemia
-
Vitamin K alias, function, deficiency disease and source
- menadione
- proper blood clotting, reduces excessive menstrual flow, opposes internal hemorrhaging
- hemorrhagic disease, impaired blood clot
- beef, vegetables
Niacin alias, function, deficiency disease and source
- supplied as either nicotonic acid or nicotiamide
- functional part of NAD and NADP , coenzyme in redox reactions
- pellagra ( photosensitive dermatitis ) , depressive psychosis
-
Function of vitamin B10 and 11
-growth factors
Vitamin B13 alias, function and how destroyed
- orotic acid
- prevents premature aging and liver problems , treats multiple sclerosis ( abnormal hardening of body tissue )
Vitamin B5 function
-krebs cycle energy production, AcH production
What are minerals
How many are useful
What is deficiency and toxic
Source
- inorganic substances existing naturally in earth
- 14/92
- too little
- too much
-drinking water and food
Calcium function, deficiency disease and source
- strengthens bones and teeth ,regulation role
- osteomalacia , weak skeletal structure
- dairy, kale, oranges , broccoli
List the macro elementary
- Ca
- Mg
- Fe
- P
- Zn
Iron function, deficiency disease , is toxic and source
-carries O2 as part of Hgb, redox reactions , needed in functioning immune system, RBC formation
- anemia, fatigue
- if toxic affects cell growth, heart health ( stored in body tissue)
-meat, fish, spinach
What can stop Fe absorption
Recommendations for vegans
- Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn
- antacids
- tetracyclines
-high vitamins C supplement as Fe in plants not easily absorbed
Magnesium function, deficiency disease and source
- maintain acid-base balance , nerve and muscle functioning , activates blood sugar, proteins and sugars metabolizing enzymes
- vital for bone growth 2:1 with Ca
- aids in Ca absorption
- muscle twitching, abnormal heart beat, nervousness
- seeds, beans , unrefined grains
Phosphorus function, deficiency disease and source and what prevents P absorption
- most in bone 2:1 with Ca, nuclei acids, ATP energy bonds
- fatigue
- antacid with aluminum hydroxide for extended periods as Al stops P absorption
Zinc function, deficiency disease ,toxic effect , what reduces its levels and source
-supports protein synthesis, healthy immune system
- abnormal growth, immune functioning
- toxic causes lower Cu retention, lower HDL cholesterol, impair immune function at 100mg/day
- smoking
- meats, fish, beans
List trace elements
- Mn
- Co
- Mo
- Cu
- I
- Se
- Cr
Chromium function, deficiency disease,what causes its inadequaties and source
- party of glucose tolerance factor wc works with insulin to utilize blood sugar
- improper metabolism, imbalance in blood sugar
- inadequate Cr in diet and excess sugar which uses it all up
- brewesters yeast
Copper function, deficiency disease and source
- for proper brain, liver and nervous system functioning
- absorption and utilization of Fe and Zn
- inability to produce important antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase, reduced RBC production
- whole grains , nuts, liver, leafy vegetables Ko
Cobalt function, deficiency disease and source
- component of B12 , aids in RBC production, normal nervous functioning,treats and prevents perinicious anemia
- perinicious anemia
- beef, milk, liver ( not vegetables )
Iodine function, deficiency disease , toxic effects and source
-essential to development and functioning of thyroid gland
- goiter , abnormal brain development of fetus
- toxic causes difficulty breathing and skin irritation
-iodized salt
Manganese function, deficiency disease and source
- normal bone development, important enzyme reactions
- defect in bone and cartilage formation, damaged brain , reproduction
- grains, cereal
Molybdenum function, deficiency disease ,toxic effects and source
-enzymes ,
- malabsorption suffers may be affected by deficiency although uncommon
- toxic causes loss of Cu
-beans, cereals, milk
Selenium function, toxic disease and source
- antioxidant working closely with vitamin E, reduce risk of abnormal cell growth
- toxic causes poor enzyme functioning, bone defect in fetus , Nausea, hair loss , nerve damage
- seafood, liver
Function If vanadium and silicon
-fast metabolism
- important in composition and calcification of cartilage to produce bone
- unrefined food plants
Function and source of boron
- metabolism of other other minerals that’s support bone growth
- regulation of steroid hormones
-nuts , beans , raisins
What are electrolytes and list them
- elements necessary for electrochemical processes ie to propagate nerve impulses between cells
- water , Na , Cl and K
