Vitamins And Minerals

Question 1

What are vitamins

How are they supplied to the body

Answer 1

• organic nutrients which cannot be synthesized by the body and required in small amounts for biochemical processes
• must be supplied by diet

Question 2

List class 1 vitamins and their cohort
How are they absorbed and secreted by the body

Answer 2

• water soluble
• vitamin B1, B2, B6, B12, C, niacin and B12

/absorbed via hepatic portal vein and excess secreted through urine

Question 3

List class 2 vitamins and their cohort

How assimilated and Fate of excess

Answer 3

• fat soluble
• vitamin A,D,E,K
• digested with fat in intestines and incorporated into chylomicans
• excess not excreted by stored in adipose tissue and liver

Question 4

Vitamin A alias, function, deficiency disease and source

Answer 4

-retinol , Beta carotene

• antioxidant, regulates normal cell growth and diff and prevents abnormal cell proliferation
• visual pigments In retina

-night blindness, keratinization of skin , xerophthalmia vdb

Question 5

Vitamin B1 alias, function, deficiency disease and source

Answer 5

• thiamin
• energy production, heart muscle and nervous system functioning
• beriberi ( total absence ) , CNS lesions ( wernicke-korsakoff syndrome )
• fatigue

-bread , cereals and beans

Question 6

Vitamin B2 alias, function, deficiency disease and source

Answer 6

• riboflavin
• energy production, maintain health of buccal mucous membrane tongue and skin , coenzyme in redox reactions
• lips tongue and mouth corner ulcers, irritating skin and eye
• dairy , legumes , eggs

Question 7

How can riboflavin be destroyed and precaution taken

Answer 7

By sunlight,

-not to be stored in transparent container

Question 8

Vitamin B6 alias, function, deficiency disease and source

Answer 8

• pyridoxine
• antibody synthesis, RBC formation, Maintain normal brain function, protein synthesis
• convulsions , numbness, neurological disorders, disorder of protein metabolism
• bread , legumes , eggs

Question 9

Vitamin B12 alias, function, deficiency disease and source

Answer 9

• cobalamin
• metabolism of folic acid, RBC formation, activate aas during protein synthesis, aids in cell longevity and formation of new ones
• perinicious anemia
• dairy , meat , eggs

Question 10

Vitamin C alias, function, deficiency disease and source

Answer 10

• ascorbic acid
• antioxidant, electron transport , Fe absorption, enhances immune system
• scurvy ( impaired wound healing ), prone to bleeding ( subcutaneous hemorrhaging ). Loss of dental cement
• oranges , tomatoes , green vegetables

Question 11

Vitamin D alias, function, deficiency disease and source

Answer 11

• calciferol
• facilitates intestinal digestion of Ca,

-osteoporosis ( Brittle bone ) , rickets , osteomalacia ( bone
Demineralization)

-eggs, whole milk , skin exposed to sunlight can produce calciferol

Question 12

Vitamin E alias, function, deficiency disease and source

Answer 12

• tocopherols
• antioxidant , protects polyunsaturated fats from oxidation , maintains vitamin A integrity
• serious neurological dysfunction ( rare )

-

Question 13

Vitamin Bc alias, function, deficiency disease and source

Answer 13

• folic acid, vitamin M
• increased appetite, coenzyme in transfer of one C fragments , if used with PABA ( para-aminobenzoic acid ) prevents Grey hair
• megaloblastic anemia

-

Question 14

Vitamin K alias, function, deficiency disease and source

Answer 14

• menadione
• proper blood clotting, reduces excessive menstrual flow, opposes internal hemorrhaging
• hemorrhagic disease, impaired blood clot
• beef, vegetables

Question 15

Niacin alias, function, deficiency disease and source

Answer 15

• supplied as either nicotonic acid or nicotiamide
• functional part of NAD and NADP , coenzyme in redox reactions
• pellagra ( photosensitive dermatitis ) , depressive psychosis

-

Question 16

Function of vitamin B10 and 11

Answer 16

-growth factors

Question 17

Vitamin B13 alias, function and how destroyed

Answer 17

• orotic acid

- prevents premature aging and liver problems , treats multiple sclerosis ( abnormal hardening of body tissue )

Question 18

Vitamin B5 function

Answer 18

-krebs cycle energy production, AcH production

Question 19

What are minerals
How many are useful

What is deficiency and toxic

Source

Answer 19

• inorganic substances existing naturally in earth
• 14/92
• too little
• too much

-drinking water and food

Question 20

Calcium function, deficiency disease and source

Answer 20

• strengthens bones and teeth ,regulation role
• osteomalacia , weak skeletal structure
• dairy, kale, oranges , broccoli

Question 21

List the macro elementary

Answer 21

• Ca
• Mg
• Fe
• P
• Zn

Question 22

Iron function, deficiency disease , is toxic and source

Answer 22

-carries O2 as part of Hgb, redox reactions , needed in functioning immune system, RBC formation

• anemia, fatigue
• if toxic affects cell growth, heart health ( stored in body tissue)

-meat, fish, spinach

Question 23

What can stop Fe absorption

Recommendations for vegans

Answer 23

• Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn
• antacids
• tetracyclines

-high vitamins C supplement as Fe in plants not easily absorbed

Question 24

Magnesium function, deficiency disease and source

Answer 24

• maintain acid-base balance , nerve and muscle functioning , activates blood sugar, proteins and sugars metabolizing enzymes
• vital for bone growth 2:1 with Ca
• aids in Ca absorption
• muscle twitching, abnormal heart beat, nervousness
• seeds, beans , unrefined grains

Question 25

Phosphorus function, deficiency disease and source and what prevents P absorption

Answer 25

- most in bone 2:1 with Ca, nuclei acids, ATP energy bonds - fatigue - antacid with aluminum hydroxide for extended periods as Al stops P absorption

Question 26

Zinc function, deficiency disease ,toxic effect , what reduces its levels and source

Answer 26

-supports protein synthesis, healthy immune system - abnormal growth, immune functioning - toxic causes lower Cu retention, lower HDL cholesterol, impair immune function at 100mg/day - smoking - meats, fish, beans

Question 27

List trace elements

Answer 27

- Mn - Co - Mo - Cu - I - Se - Cr

Question 28

Chromium function, deficiency disease,what causes its inadequaties and source

Answer 28

- party of glucose tolerance factor wc works with insulin to utilize blood sugar - improper metabolism, imbalance in blood sugar - inadequate Cr in diet and excess sugar which uses it all up - brewesters yeast

Question 29

Copper function, deficiency disease and source

Answer 29

- for proper brain, liver and nervous system functioning - absorption and utilization of Fe and Zn - inability to produce important antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase, reduced RBC production - whole grains , nuts, liver, leafy vegetables Ko

Question 30

Cobalt function, deficiency disease and source

Answer 30

- component of B12 , aids in RBC production, normal nervous functioning,treats and prevents perinicious anemia - perinicious anemia - beef, milk, liver ( not vegetables )

Question 31

Iodine function, deficiency disease , toxic effects and source

Answer 31

-essential to development and functioning of thyroid gland - goiter , abnormal brain development of fetus - toxic causes difficulty breathing and skin irritation -iodized salt

Question 32

Manganese function, deficiency disease and source

Answer 32

- normal bone development, important enzyme reactions - defect in bone and cartilage formation, damaged brain , reproduction - grains, cereal

Question 33

Molybdenum function, deficiency disease ,toxic effects and source

Answer 33

-enzymes , - malabsorption suffers may be affected by deficiency although uncommon - toxic causes loss of Cu -beans, cereals, milk

Question 34

Selenium function, toxic disease and source

Answer 34

- antioxidant working closely with vitamin E, reduce risk of abnormal cell growth - toxic causes poor enzyme functioning, bone defect in fetus , Nausea, hair loss , nerve damage - seafood, liver

Question 35

Function If vanadium and silicon

Answer 35

-fast metabolism - important in composition and calcification of cartilage to produce bone - unrefined food plants

Question 36

Function and source of boron

Answer 36

- metabolism of other other minerals that’s support bone growth - regulation of steroid hormones -nuts , beans , raisins

Question 37

What are electrolytes and list them

Answer 37

- elements necessary for electrochemical processes ie to propagate nerve impulses between cells - water , Na , Cl and K