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Vitamins and Minerals > Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin A

A

Precursor: B carotene
Functions: normal vision, epithelial cell differentiation
Deficiency: night blindness, cell keratinization

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2
Q

Vitamin D

A

D2 = ergosterol or calciferol (plant source)
D3 = 7-dehydrocholesterol (animal source)
UV light activates
Functions: elevate Ca and P
Deficiency: osteomalacia, rickets, milk fever
PTH

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3
Q

Vitamin K

A 
Phylloquinone (K1) -- green vegetables
Menaquinone (K2) -- bacterial product
Menadione (K3) -- synthetic
Functions: blood clotting factors (prothrombin)
Deficiency: prolonged clotting time
Menadione is toxic
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4
Q

Vitamin E

A

A tocopherol
Interrelated to Se
Functions: antioxidant, nucleic acid and protein metabolism, mitochondrial metabolism
Deficiency: white muscle disease

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5
Q

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

A

Synthesized from glucose (except primates and guinea pigs)
Function: collagen formation
Deficiency: scurvy

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6
Q

Thiamin

A

Function: coenzyme for decarboxylation of A keto acids
Deficiency: polyneuritis, beriberi, bradycardia

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7
Q

Riboflavin

A

Function: coenzymes FAD and FMN
Deficiency: ecodermal lesions, curled-toe paralysis, cataracts

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8
Q

Niacin

A

Function: component of NAD and NADP
Deficiency: black tongue, pellagra
Niacin in grain not available to monogastrics
Tryptophan can be converted to niacin

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9
Q

Pantothenic acid

A

Function: component of coenzyme A
Deficiency: goose stepping

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10
Q

Vitamin B6

A

Functions: conenzyme for reactions in protein and nitrogen metabolism (PLP), RBC formation
Deficiency: NS degeneration, reduce antibody response

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11
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Function: coenzyme
Related to folic acid metabolism
Deficiency: reduced growth, anemia
Microbes synthesize from cobalt

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12
Q

Folic acid

A

Function: incorporation of single-C units into molecules
Related to B12 metabolism
Deficiency: macrocytic anemia, leukopenia

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13
Q

Choline

A

Functions: methyl donor, component of acetylcholine and phospholipids, chylomicron formation
Deficiency: fatty liver, kidney degeneration, perosis

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14
Q

Biotin

A

Function: coenzyme, hoof and hair health
Deficiency: dermatitis, perosis

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15
Q

Calcium

A

Functions: bone/teeth formation and maintenance, blood coagulation, muscle contraction
Deficiency: rickets or osteomalacia, tetany, milk fever
Blood levels controlled by PTH and D3
Grains have low Ca

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16
Q

Phosphorus

A 
Functions: component of bones/teeth, ATP, acid/base balance
Deficiency: rickets or osteomalacia
High P limits Ca absorption
Need phytase to get to plant P
Blood levels controlled by D3 and PTH
17
Q

Magnesium

A

Functions: bone formation, associated with ATP metabolism, enzyme metabolism
Deficiency: reduced weight gain, hyperemia, tetany

18
Q

Na, K, and Cl

A

Functions: acid/base balance, osmotic pressure balance
K deficiency: abnormal heart function, decreased growth, muscle weakness
Na deficiency: decreased growth and body weight
Cl deficiency: decreased growth
Blood concentrations highly regulated

19
Q

Sulfur

A

Functions: located in organic compounds (thiamin, biotin, cys, met), min involvement in acid/base balance, structural component of wool, feathers, etc
N:S ration of 10:1

20
Q

Iron

A

Function: component of hemoglobin and myoglobin
Deficiency: anemia
Easily deficient, especially in newborns (poor placental transfer, milk is low)

21
Q

Copper

A

Functions: RBC formation, bone development, hair and wool pigmentation
Deficiency: anemia, bone disorders, depigmentation
Sheep especially sensitive to toxicity

22
Q

Zinc

A

Functions: component of metallo-enzymes, synthesis of skin keratin and collagen
Deficiency: impaired reproduction, lesions of skin, disorder of hair/feathers

23
Q

Manganese

A

Functions: cofactor for enzyme systems, synthesis of chondroiton sulfate
Deficiency: defective bone formation, perosis

24
Q

Cobalt

A

Required only as component of vitamin B12 (ruminants)

Deficiency: anemia, emaciation

25
Q

Iodine

A

Function: regulate metabolic rate (thryoxine formation)
Deficiency: goiter, increased incidence of stillbirths and abortions, decreased growth

26
Q

Selenium

A

Function: component of glutathione peroxidase
Interrelated with vitamin E
Deficiency: white muscle disease, exudative diathesis, liver necrosis
VERY low threshold for toxicity

27
Q

Molybdenum

A

Functions: component of xanthine oxidase, purine metabolism

Toxicity causes copper deficiency

28
Q

Flourine

A

Function: develops strong teeth and bones

More toxin that dietary essential

Vitamins and Minerals (1 decks)

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