Vitamins and Minerals

Question 1

Vitamin A

Answer 1

Precursor: B carotene
Functions: normal vision, epithelial cell differentiation
Deficiency: night blindness, cell keratinization

Question 2

Vitamin D

Answer 2

D2 = ergosterol or calciferol (plant source)
D3 = 7-dehydrocholesterol (animal source)
UV light activates
Functions: elevate Ca and P
Deficiency: osteomalacia, rickets, milk fever
PTH

Question 3

Vitamin K

Answer 3

Phylloquinone (K1) -- green vegetables
Menaquinone (K2) -- bacterial product
Menadione (K3) -- synthetic
Functions: blood clotting factors (prothrombin)
Deficiency: prolonged clotting time
Menadione is toxic

Question 4

Vitamin E

Answer 4

A tocopherol
Interrelated to Se
Functions: antioxidant, nucleic acid and protein metabolism, mitochondrial metabolism
Deficiency: white muscle disease

Question 5

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

Answer 5

Synthesized from glucose (except primates and guinea pigs)
Function: collagen formation
Deficiency: scurvy

Question 6

Thiamin

Answer 6

Function: coenzyme for decarboxylation of A keto acids
Deficiency: polyneuritis, beriberi, bradycardia

Question 7

Riboflavin

Answer 7

Function: coenzymes FAD and FMN
Deficiency: ecodermal lesions, curled-toe paralysis, cataracts

Question 8

Niacin

Answer 8

Function: component of NAD and NADP
Deficiency: black tongue, pellagra
Niacin in grain not available to monogastrics
Tryptophan can be converted to niacin

Question 9

Pantothenic acid

Answer 9

Function: component of coenzyme A
Deficiency: goose stepping

Question 10

Vitamin B6

Answer 10

Functions: conenzyme for reactions in protein and nitrogen metabolism (PLP), RBC formation
Deficiency: NS degeneration, reduce antibody response

Question 11

Vitamin B12

Answer 11

Function: coenzyme
Related to folic acid metabolism
Deficiency: reduced growth, anemia
Microbes synthesize from cobalt

Question 12

Folic acid

Answer 12

Function: incorporation of single-C units into molecules
Related to B12 metabolism
Deficiency: macrocytic anemia, leukopenia

Question 13

Choline

Answer 13

Functions: methyl donor, component of acetylcholine and phospholipids, chylomicron formation
Deficiency: fatty liver, kidney degeneration, perosis

Question 14

Biotin

Answer 14

Function: coenzyme, hoof and hair health
Deficiency: dermatitis, perosis

Question 15

Calcium

Answer 15

Functions: bone/teeth formation and maintenance, blood coagulation, muscle contraction
Deficiency: rickets or osteomalacia, tetany, milk fever
Blood levels controlled by PTH and D3
Grains have low Ca

Question 16

Phosphorus

Answer 16

Functions: component of bones/teeth, ATP, acid/base balance
Deficiency: rickets or osteomalacia
High P limits Ca absorption
Need phytase to get to plant P
Blood levels controlled by D3 and PTH

Question 17

Magnesium

Answer 17

Functions: bone formation, associated with ATP metabolism, enzyme metabolism
Deficiency: reduced weight gain, hyperemia, tetany

Question 18

Na, K, and Cl

Answer 18

Functions: acid/base balance, osmotic pressure balance
K deficiency: abnormal heart function, decreased growth, muscle weakness
Na deficiency: decreased growth and body weight
Cl deficiency: decreased growth
Blood concentrations highly regulated

Question 19

Sulfur

Answer 19

Functions: located in organic compounds (thiamin, biotin, cys, met), min involvement in acid/base balance, structural component of wool, feathers, etc
N:S ration of 10:1

Question 20

Iron

Answer 20

Function: component of hemoglobin and myoglobin
Deficiency: anemia
Easily deficient, especially in newborns (poor placental transfer, milk is low)

Question 21

Copper

Answer 21

Functions: RBC formation, bone development, hair and wool pigmentation
Deficiency: anemia, bone disorders, depigmentation
Sheep especially sensitive to toxicity

Question 22

Zinc

Answer 22

Functions: component of metallo-enzymes, synthesis of skin keratin and collagen
Deficiency: impaired reproduction, lesions of skin, disorder of hair/feathers

Question 23

Manganese

Answer 23

Functions: cofactor for enzyme systems, synthesis of chondroiton sulfate
Deficiency: defective bone formation, perosis

Question 24

Cobalt

Answer 24

Required only as component of vitamin B12 (ruminants)

Deficiency: anemia, emaciation

Question 25

Iodine

Answer 25

Function: regulate metabolic rate (thryoxine formation) Deficiency: goiter, increased incidence of stillbirths and abortions, decreased growth

Question 26

Selenium

Answer 26

Function: component of glutathione peroxidase Interrelated with vitamin E Deficiency: white muscle disease, exudative diathesis, liver necrosis VERY low threshold for toxicity

Question 27

Molybdenum

Answer 27

Functions: component of xanthine oxidase, purine metabolism | Toxicity causes copper deficiency

Question 28

Flourine

Answer 28

Function: develops strong teeth and bones | More toxin that dietary essential