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EoM 3 (Amy) > Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

K, A, D, E

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2
Q

Vitamin A family (retinoids)

A

retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, beta carotene

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3
Q

site of retinol storage

A

liver

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4
Q

retinol transportation

A

via plasma retinol binding protei

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5
Q

Retinol is reesterified to long chain FA in mucosa and…

A

..secreted with chylomicrons

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6
Q

Retinol activates gene transcription similar to:

A

steroid hormones

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7
Q

Vitamin A in vision

A

component of rhodopsin (11-cis retinal bound to opsin)

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8
Q

Vitamin A in growth

A

deprivation results in:

1) loss of appetite
2) bone growth slow
3) CNS damage

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9
Q

Retinol and retinal in reproduction

A

Support spermatogenesis and prevent fetal resorption.

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10
Q

Retinoic acid activity

A

Inactive in reproduction and vision but promotes growth and differentiation of epithelial tissue

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11
Q

Vitamin A functions

A

vision, growth, reproduction, differentiation

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12
Q

Sources of Vitamin A

A

Preformed: liver, kidney, cream, butter and egg yolk

Beta carotene in dark green and yellow fruits

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13
Q

Vitamin A deficiency leads to

A

Night blindness and xerophthalmia (dryness of conjunctiva which can lead to corneal ulcerations and blindness)

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14
Q

Vitamin A as treatment

A

for acne and psoriasis (topical application of all trans retinoic acid [tretinoin] for mild cases; 13-cis retinoic acid [isotretinoin] orally for severe cases)

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15
Q

Vitamin A for disease prevention

A

populations with high β-carotene have decreased heart disease, lung and skin cancer, cataracts and macular degeneration

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16
Q

Vitamin A toxicity

A

Hypervitaminosis A – exceeding 7.5 mg/day, dry skin, enlarged , cirrhotic liver, rise in intracranial pressure may mimic a brain tumor. Excess in pregnancy could cause congental malformation in fetus

Isotretinoin (13-cis retinoic acid) –teratogenic and absolutely contraindicated in women of childbearing potential unless have severe acne unresponsive to any other therapy. Prolonged treatment can lead to hyperlipidemia and increased LDL/HDL, increased risk for CVD

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17
Q

Vitamin D

A

cholecalciferol, sterols with hormone-like function

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18
Q

How is Vitamin D synthesized from light?

A

Hydroxylated in liver then kidney into 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-diOH D3)

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19
Q

Function of 1,25-diOH D3

A

Maintains adequate plamsa calcium levels via:

1) increasing uptake of calcium by intestine
2) decreasing calcium loss by kidney
3) stimulating resorption of bone if necessary

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20
Q

Sources of Vitamin D

A

fatty fish, liver, egg yolk

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21
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

Rickets in children (incomplete mineralization of bones), osteomalacia in adults (demineralization)

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22
Q

Hypoparathyroidism causes

A

hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia (related to vitamin D)

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23
Q

Vitamin D toxicity

A

MOST TOXIC. Loss of appetite, nausea, thirst, bone resorption and deposition of calcium in organs

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24
Q

Vitamin E

A

Family of 8 naturally occurring tocopherols,

alpha tocopherol is most active

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25
Q

Vitamin E function

A

antioxidant in cell lipid components

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26
Q

Vitamin E sources

A

Vegetable oils, liver, eggs

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27
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A

Rare, only in premature premature infants

28
Q

Vitamin K in blood clotting

A

cofactor for carboxylation reaction of glutamic acid on prothrombin factors II, VII, IX, X

29
Q

Sources of Vitamin K

A

cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, egg yolk and liver.

Synthesized by gut bacteria

30
Q

Vitamin K Toxicity

A

Rare in adults, can produce hemolytic anemia and jaundice in infants

31
Q

B Vitamins

A

Unrelated group of compounds, all water-soluble. Coenzymes in metabolism

32
Q

B Vitamins sources

A

whole grains, fortified processed grains

33
Q

Vitamin B1

A

Thiamine (active: thiamine pyrophosphate)

34
Q

Thiamine function

A

Acts as a coenzyme in formation or degradation of a-ketols and oxidative decarboxylation of a-keto acids

Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and a-ketoglutarate plays key role in energy metabolism, especially important in nervous system

35
Q

Thiamine deficiency

A

Beriberi (edema), Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

36
Q

Vitamin B2

A

Riboflavin

37
Q

Riboflavin function

A

Flavin coenzyme (FAD, FADH)

38
Q

Flavins are important for: (7)

A

1) energy production
2) metabolism of drugs and toxins,
3) antioxidant
4) protects against cataract formation
5) maintains the integrity of mucous membranes
6) activates vitamin B6
7) promotes nail, skin and hair health,

39
Q

Riboflavin deficiency

A

Impairs iron absorption - can lead to anemia.

Ariboflavinosis

40
Q

Vitamin B3

A

Niacin

41
Q

Niacin function

A

NAD (degradation of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and alcohol), NADP (synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol) - coenzymes in redox reactions

42
Q

Niacin deficiency

A

pellagra

43
Q

Vitamin B6

A

pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine (active: pyridoxal phosphate)

44
Q

(B6) Pyridoxine function

A

coenzyme in many reactions especially those catalyzing reactions involving amino acids

45
Q

B6 deficiency

A

Rare but sometimes in: Isoniazid treatment of tuberculosis, newborns fed formulas low in B6, women taking oral contraceptives, alcoholics

46
Q

Vitamin B9

A

Folic acid (active: tetrahydrofolate)

47
Q

Folic acid function

A

Essential in ONE-CARBON metabolism for the synthesis of a number of compounds

48
Q

Causes of folic acid deficiency

A 
Increased demand (pregnancy)
Poor absorption
Alcoholism
Treatment with dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors
	(methotrexate)
49
Q

Folic acid deficiency in pregnant women causes ___ in newborns

A

neural tube defects and anencephaly

50
Q

Vitamin B12

A

cobalamin (active: cyanocobalamin)

51
Q

B12 sources

A

liver, whole milk, eggs, oysters, shrimp, pork, chicken - i.e. from ANIMAL PRODUCTS

52
Q

Why don’t old people absorb as much B12?

A

They don’t synthesize as much INTRINSIC FACTOR - glycoprotein synthesized by the gastric parietal cells is essential for B12 absorption

53
Q

B12 deficiency (2)

A

1) Pernicious anemia
2) CNS symptoms:
numbness and tingling in the hands and feet, difficulty
maintaining balance, depression, confusion, dementia, poor memory, and soreness of the mouth or tongue

54
Q

Vitamin C

A

Ascorbic acid

55
Q

Functions of ascorbic acid (4)

A

1) Essential coenzyme in hydroxlylation reactions, especially the production of COLLAGEN
2) Required for maintenance of normal connective tissue, wound healing
3) Facilitates absorption of iron by small intestine
4) Major water soluble antioxidant

56
Q

Vitamin C deficiency

A

Scurvy: gingival hemorrhage, corkscrew hair, bruising, swollen joints

57
Q

Biotin cooperates with ,,_ to metabolize ____ & manufacture ____

A

Vitamins B2, B3, B6; metabolize carbs, fat, and protein; manufacture fat and glycogen

58
Q

Biotin source

A

food, made by the bacteria in the intestines. (eating raw egg whites limits absorption of biotin)

59
Q

Biotin also involved in:

A

detoxification and cell growth

60
Q

Pantothenic acid function

A

Component of CoA and acyl carrier protein

61
Q

How does CoA carry acyl groups?

A

contains a thiol group

62
Q

Panthothenic acid sources

A

eggs, liver, yeast but widely distributed

63
Q

Calcium is essential for: (7)

A

1) bone mineralization,
2) activator of glycogen degradation, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase
3) insulin release
4) muscle action
5) nitric oxide synthase
6) cell signaling
7) clotting

64
Q

Iodine is essential for:

A

Making thyroid hormones

65
Q

Iodine deficiencies:

A

– Goiter
– Cretinism
– Reduced mental and physical development
– Increased perinatal and neonatal mortality

EoM 3 (Amy) (1 decks)

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