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EoM 3 (Amy) > Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

K, A, D, E

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2
Q

Vitamin A family (retinoids)

A

retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, beta carotene

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3
Q

site of retinol storage

A

liver

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4
Q

retinol transportation

A

via plasma retinol binding protei

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5
Q

Retinol is reesterified to long chain FA in mucosa and…

A

..secreted with chylomicrons

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6
Q

Retinol activates gene transcription similar to:

A

steroid hormones

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7
Q

Vitamin A in vision

A

component of rhodopsin (11-cis retinal bound to opsin)

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8
Q

Vitamin A in growth

A

deprivation results in:

1) loss of appetite
2) bone growth slow
3) CNS damage

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9
Q

Retinol and retinal in reproduction

A

Support spermatogenesis and prevent fetal resorption.

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10
Q

Retinoic acid activity

A

Inactive in reproduction and vision but promotes growth and differentiation of epithelial tissue

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11
Q

Vitamin A functions

A

vision, growth, reproduction, differentiation

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12
Q

Sources of Vitamin A

A

Preformed: liver, kidney, cream, butter and egg yolk

Beta carotene in dark green and yellow fruits

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13
Q

Vitamin A deficiency leads to

A

Night blindness and xerophthalmia (dryness of conjunctiva which can lead to corneal ulcerations and blindness)

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14
Q

Vitamin A as treatment

A

for acne and psoriasis (topical application of all trans retinoic acid [tretinoin] for mild cases; 13-cis retinoic acid [isotretinoin] orally for severe cases)

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15
Q

Vitamin A for disease prevention

A

populations with high β-carotene have decreased heart disease, lung and skin cancer, cataracts and macular degeneration

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16
Q

Vitamin A toxicity

A

Hypervitaminosis A – exceeding 7.5 mg/day, dry skin, enlarged , cirrhotic liver, rise in intracranial pressure may mimic a brain tumor. Excess in pregnancy could cause congental malformation in fetus

Isotretinoin (13-cis retinoic acid) –teratogenic and absolutely contraindicated in women of childbearing potential unless have severe acne unresponsive to any other therapy. Prolonged treatment can lead to hyperlipidemia and increased LDL/HDL, increased risk for CVD

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17
Q

Vitamin D

A

cholecalciferol, sterols with hormone-like function

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18
Q

How is Vitamin D synthesized from light?

A

Hydroxylated in liver then kidney into 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-diOH D3)

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19
Q

Function of 1,25-diOH D3

A

Maintains adequate plamsa calcium levels via:

1) increasing uptake of calcium by intestine
2) decreasing calcium loss by kidney
3) stimulating resorption of bone if necessary

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20
Q

Sources of Vitamin D

A

fatty fish, liver, egg yolk

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21
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

Rickets in children (incomplete mineralization of bones), osteomalacia in adults (demineralization)

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22
Q

Hypoparathyroidism causes

A

hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia (related to vitamin D)

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23
Q

Vitamin D toxicity

A

MOST TOXIC. Loss of appetite, nausea, thirst, bone resorption and deposition of calcium in organs

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24
Q

Vitamin E

A

Family of 8 naturally occurring tocopherols,

alpha tocopherol is most active

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25
Vitamin E function
antioxidant in cell lipid components
26
Vitamin E sources
Vegetable oils, liver, eggs
27
Vitamin E deficiency
Rare, only in premature premature infants
28
Vitamin K in blood clotting
cofactor for carboxylation reaction of glutamic acid on prothrombin factors II, VII, IX, X
29
Sources of Vitamin K
cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, egg yolk and liver. | Synthesized by gut bacteria
30
Vitamin K Toxicity
Rare in adults, can produce hemolytic anemia and jaundice in infants
31
B Vitamins
Unrelated group of compounds, all water-soluble. Coenzymes in metabolism
32
B Vitamins sources
whole grains, fortified processed grains
33
Vitamin B1
Thiamine (active: thiamine pyrophosphate)
34
Thiamine function
Acts as a coenzyme in formation or degradation of a-ketols and oxidative decarboxylation of a-keto acids Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and a-ketoglutarate plays key role in energy metabolism, especially important in nervous system
35
Thiamine deficiency
Beriberi (edema), Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
36
Vitamin B2
Riboflavin
37
Riboflavin function
Flavin coenzyme (FAD, FADH)
38
Flavins are important for: (7)
1) energy production 2) metabolism of drugs and toxins, 3) antioxidant 4) protects against cataract formation 5) maintains the integrity of mucous membranes 6) activates vitamin B6 7) promotes nail, skin and hair health,
39
Riboflavin deficiency
Impairs iron absorption - can lead to anemia. | Ariboflavinosis
40
Vitamin B3
Niacin
41
Niacin function
NAD (degradation of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and alcohol), NADP (synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol) - coenzymes in redox reactions
42
Niacin deficiency
pellagra
43
Vitamin B6
pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine (active: pyridoxal phosphate)
44
(B6) Pyridoxine function
coenzyme in many reactions especially those catalyzing reactions involving amino acids
45
B6 deficiency
Rare but sometimes in: Isoniazid treatment of tuberculosis, newborns fed formulas low in B6, women taking oral contraceptives, alcoholics
46
Vitamin B9
Folic acid (active: tetrahydrofolate)
47
Folic acid function
Essential in ONE-CARBON metabolism for the synthesis of a number of compounds
48
Causes of folic acid deficiency
``` Increased demand (pregnancy) Poor absorption Alcoholism Treatment with dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors (methotrexate) ```
49
Folic acid deficiency in pregnant women causes ___ in newborns
neural tube defects and anencephaly
50
Vitamin B12
cobalamin (active: cyanocobalamin)
51
B12 sources
liver, whole milk, eggs, oysters, shrimp, pork, chicken - i.e. from ANIMAL PRODUCTS
52
Why don't old people absorb as much B12?
They don't synthesize as much INTRINSIC FACTOR - glycoprotein synthesized by the gastric parietal cells is essential for B12 absorption
53
B12 deficiency (2)
1) Pernicious anemia 2) CNS symptoms: numbness and tingling in the hands and feet, difficulty maintaining balance, depression, confusion, dementia, poor memory, and soreness of the mouth or tongue
54
Vitamin C
Ascorbic acid
55
Functions of ascorbic acid (4)
1) Essential coenzyme in hydroxlylation reactions, especially the production of COLLAGEN 2) Required for maintenance of normal connective tissue, wound healing 3) Facilitates absorption of iron by small intestine 4) Major water soluble antioxidant
56
Vitamin C deficiency
Scurvy: gingival hemorrhage, corkscrew hair, bruising, swollen joints
57
Biotin cooperates with _,_,_ to metabolize ____ & manufacture ____
Vitamins B2, B3, B6; metabolize carbs, fat, and protein; manufacture fat and glycogen
58
Biotin source
food, made by the bacteria in the intestines. (eating raw egg whites limits absorption of biotin)
59
Biotin also involved in:
detoxification and cell growth
60
Pantothenic acid function
Component of CoA and acyl carrier protein
61
How does CoA carry acyl groups?
contains a thiol group
62
Panthothenic acid sources
eggs, liver, yeast but widely distributed
63
Calcium is essential for: (7)
1) bone mineralization, 2) activator of glycogen degradation, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase 3) insulin release 4) muscle action 5) nitric oxide synthase 6) cell signaling 7) clotting
64
Iodine is essential for:
Making thyroid hormones
65
Iodine deficiencies:
– Goiter – Cretinism – Reduced mental and physical development – Increased perinatal and neonatal mortality

EoM 3 (Amy) (1 decks)

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