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Nutrition > Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

Require bile for digestion and absorption
Travel through the lymphatic system
Many require transport proteins in the bloodstream
Excesses stored in liver and adipose tissue
Not readily excreted
-Risk of toxicity is greater

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2
Q

Role of vit A roles in the body

A 
Regulates expression of >100 genes
Retinoic acid
-Regulates cell differentiation, growth, and embryonic development
Retinol
-Supports reproduction
-Major transport and storage form
-Absorbed the best
-Attacks and binds free radicals
Retinal
-Active in vision
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3
Q

Vit A and vision

A

Helps maintain clear cornea

Helps convert light energy to nerve impulses in the retina

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4
Q

Deficiency in vit A

A

Night blindness
Xeropthalmia
Keratinization, particularly on arms, also legs

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5
Q

Vit A toxicity

A

Levels >100,00 IU

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6
Q

Vit D

A

Not an essential nutrient
Body synthesizes
-Sunlight
-Precursor from cholesterol

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7
Q

Activation of vit D

A

Two hydroxylation reactions

  • Liver
  • Kidneys
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8
Q

Vit D’s roles in the body

A 
Active form of vit D is a hormone
-Binding protein carries it to target organs
Bone growth
-Calcium and phosphorous absorption
--Enhances absorption
--Provides minerals from other sources
Other roles
-Enhances or suppresses gene activity
-Protects against cognitive decline
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9
Q

Contributory factors to vit D deficiency

A

Dark skin
Breastfeeding without supplementation
Lack of sunlight
Not drinking fortified milk

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10
Q

Vit D deficiency

A

Overt signs are relatively rare
-Insufficiency is quite common
Creates a calcium deficiency

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11
Q

Signs of vit D deficiency

A

Rickets
Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis

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12
Q

Toxicity of vit D

A

Most likely to have toxic effects if consumed in too high amounts
Can lead to kidney stones, calcification of blood vessels

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13
Q

Vit D recommendations- food sources

A

Oily fish and egg yolks
Fortified milk
Recommendations difficult to meet without sunlight and supplementation or fortification

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14
Q

Other vit D recommendations

A

Sun exposure: no risk of toxicity
-10 mins without sunscreen
Vit D
production varies with skin color, latitude, season and time of day

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15
Q

Functions of vit E

A 
Most powerful antioxidant
Found a lot in fats
Stops chain reaction of free radicals
-Protects cells and their membranes
-Heart disease and protection of LDLs
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16
Q

Effects of vit E deficiency

A

RBCs break down

Neuromucular dysfunction

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17
Q

Toxicity of vit E

A

High levels interfere with vit K

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18
Q

Function of vit K

A

Blood clotting

Bone development

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19
Q

Why could a deficiency of vit K occur in neonates?

A

Because they have a sterile gut, they don’t have vit K, so they need an injection at birth

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20
Q

Drug therapy and vit K

A

Since anticoagulant therapy affects vit K, those that take these medications need to have be consistent with how much of it is in their diet.
Could be high, could be low, just needs to stay the same

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21
Q

Toxicity of vit K

A

None because it’s hard to get an adequate amount

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22
Q

Sources of vit K

A

Non-food

Green vegetables

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23
Q

Thiamine (B1) deficiency GI sx

A

Anorexia
Indigestion
Constipation
Gastric atony

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24
Q

Thiamine (B1) deficiency nervous system sx

A

Damage to myelin sheath of nerve fibers

Pain and lack of sensation

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25
Q

Thiamine (B1 deficiency) cardiovascular

A

Weak heart muscle
Cardiac failure
Edema

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26
Q

Thiamine (B1 deficiency) muscular

A

Fibromyalgia

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27
Q

Thiamine (B1) requirements are affected by:

A 
Alcoholism
Other 
-Infections
-Elderly
-Chronic illness
Increased with metabolic demand (pregnancy and infancy/childhood)
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28
Q

Riboflavin (B2)

A

Absorbed in small intestine with phosphorous
Excess excreted in urine
Functions: flavoprotein enzymes (FMN and FAD in Krebs)
Inadequate phosphorous intake will result in lack of B2 absorption

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29
Q

Signs of riboflavin deficiency

A 
Tissue inflammation and breakdown
Cheilosis
Glossitis
Seborrheic dermatitis
Newborns
-Hyperbilirubinemia
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30
Q

Niacin (B3)

A

Tryptophan is precursor

-60 mg of tryptophan = 1 mg niacin

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31
Q

Functions of niacin (B3)

A

Coenzyme in tissue and cellular oxidation reactions
NAD (catabolic) and NADP (anabolic)
Converts protein and glycerol to glucose to yield energy
Converts protein and glycerol to glucose to yield energy
High doses lower cholesterol

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32
Q

Niacin deficiency

A

Involves skin (dermatitis) first and nervous system (confusion, apathy) and CV system

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33
Q

Pellagra

A 
Associated with niacin deficiency
Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia
Death
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34
Q

When does one need increased requirements of niacin?

A 
Growth
Pregnancy
Lactation
Illness
Trauma
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35
Q

Food sources of niacin

A 
Meat 
Peanuts
Beans
Peas
Enriched grains
36
Q

Functions of pyridoxine (B6)

A 
Coenzyme (pyridoxal phosphate)
Decarboxylation
Deamination
Transamination
Hgb synthesis
AA transport
Conversion of tryptophan to niacin
CHO and fat metabolism
37
Q

Pyridoxine deficiency

A 
Anemia
CNS disturbances
-Infant formula
TB
-Tx drug interferes with absorption
Pregnancy demands
-Oral contraceptive use
38
Q

Pyridoxine deficiency

A

Lack of muscular coordination

Severe nerve damage

39
Q

Pantothenic acid

A

No deficiency state (except in long-term TPN)
Functions:
Activates fatty acids (lipogenesis, lipolysis, ketones)
Activates amino acids
Activates acetyl groups (ATP or cholesterol precursor)
Activates succinic acid and glycine

40
Q

Biotin

A

Absorbed in ileum
Deficiencies only with long-term TPN
Widespread in foods

41
Q

Functions of biotin

A

Works with acetyl-CoA
Gluconeogenesis
Synthesis of fatty acids and amino acids

42
Q

Deficiency of biotin- signs

A

Generalized muscle weakness
Nausea
Wt loss

43
Q

Functions of folate

A

Coenzyme for carbon transfer during metabolism
Heme portion of hemoglobin
Plays a role in protecting against heart dz and some cancers
-Someone deficient in folate may have a better response to chemo

44
Q

Effects of folate deficiency

A

Megaloblastic anemia
Neural tube defects
Congenital birth defects

45
Q

Cobalmine (B12)

A

Absorbed in ileum bound to intrinsic factor

46
Q

Cobalmine (B12) deficiency

A 
Common among elderly
Most d/t inadequate absorption
Pernicious anemia
Added risk from vegetarian diets- more specifically vegan bc of milk and cheese products that can contribute to B12
Anemia of folate deficiency
Folate masks sx of vit B12 deficiency
47
Q

Functions of ascorbic acid

A 
This is a vitamin C
Antioxidant
Cofactor in many reactions in the body
-Needed for collagen formation
-Frees iron from storage form
48
Q

Other roles of vit C

A

Prevention and tx of common cold
-Slight but consistent shortening of cold duration
-Deactivates histamine
Dz prevention and tx roles
-Being studied
Stress increases vit C needs
-Adrenal glands release vit C and hormones into blood

49
Q

Deficiency of ascorbic acid

A

Scurvy
Delayed wound healing
Depleted during stress; decreases immune response

50
Q

3 categories of minerals

A

Major minerals
Trace elements
Ultra-trace elements

51
Q

Calcium

A

Predominant mineral-700 mg turnover daily
Most in bone
Balance achieved by constant turnover of calcium in the bone
-Vit D (calcitriol) calcifies bone
-Parathyroid hormone increases absorption, mobilizes bone Ca, controls phosphorous excretion
-Calcitonin regulates SERUM Ca by drawing it from the bone

52
Q

Metabolic functions for calcium

A 
Tooth and bone formation
Blood clotting
Nerve impulse transmission
Muscle relaxation and contraction
Enzyme activation
53
Q

Clinical problems of calcium

A

Osteoporosis
Hypercalciuria
Tetany

54
Q

Phosphorous

A

Most occurs in bone and teeth in conjunction with Ca

55
Q

Metabolic functions of phosphorous

A 
Bone and teeth formation
Absorption of glucose
Transport of amino acids, fatty acids
Energy metabolism
Buffer system
56
Q

Clinical problems related to phosphorous

A

Need during growth and recovery

57
Q

Hypophosphatemia

A

Intestinal disease
Bone disease
Hyperparathyroidism

58
Q

Hyperphosphatemia

A

Renal insufficiency
Treat with binders
CRRT and dialysis will not help with this

59
Q

Magnesium

A

Found in all body cells

60
Q

Metabolic functions of magnesium

A

CHO and protein metabolism
Cell reproduction and growth
Smooth muscle action

61
Q

Clinical problems with metabolism

A

Malabsorption

Malnutrition/refeeding syndrome

62
Q

Sodium

A

Major ECF cation

Easily absorbed; lost with diarrhea and vomiting

63
Q

Metabolic functions of sodium

A

Fluid balance

Acid-base balance

64
Q

Clinical problems with sodium

A

HTN

Fluid balance

65
Q

Potassium

A

Major cation in ICF
Absorbed in small intestine
Excreted in urine

66
Q

Metabolic functions of potassium

A 
Fluid/electrolyte balance
Acid-base balance
Muscle activity
CHO metabolism (glycogen storage)
Protein synthesis
67
Q

Clinical problems with potassium

A

Hyperkalemia
Hypokalemia
Hypertension and drug therapy
-Also caused by low K intake

68
Q

Chloride

A 
Major anion of the ECF
Major component of gastric secretions
Almost all absorbed in small intestine
Excreted in urine
Lost with vomiting in diarrhea
69
Q

Metabolic functions of chloride

A

Fluid-electrolyte balance
Acid-base balance
Gastric acidity

70
Q

Clinical problems of chloride

A

GI disorders
Alkalosis
Endocrine disorders

71
Q

Sulfur

A

Amino acids are major sources: methionine and cysteine

72
Q

Metabolic functions of sulfur

A

Protein structure
Enzyme activity
Energy metabolism

73
Q

Clinical problems of sulfur

A

Cysinuria

Treated with low methionine diet

74
Q

Trace elements

A 
Iron
Iodine
Zinc
Copper
Manganese
Chromium
75
Q

Iron

A

Bound to transferrin
Ferritin is storage form/measured form
Poor absorption

76
Q

Clinical problems with iron

A

Blood loss
Iron deficiency anemia- MC nutrient deficiency
Sx
Diagnose appropriately before you treat, could be B12, megaloblastic, folate

77
Q

Function of iodine

A

Synthesis of thyroid hormone

78
Q

Clinical problems with iodine

A

Goiter

Toxicity

79
Q

Clinical problems with zinc

A

Sexual function
Impaired test/smell
Wound healing

80
Q

Clinical problems with copper

A

Wilson’s dz
Menkes syndrome
-Results in copper malabsorption
-Occurs in infants, leads to mental and growth retardation

81
Q

Absorption of copper

A

Liver and ceruloplasmin

82
Q

Chromium

A

May help with diabetics, but studies are unclear

Helps to maintain glucose homeostasis

83
Q

Cobalt

A

Part of vitamin B12

84
Q

Selenium

A

Absorption dependent on sulfur

Deficiency diseases

85
Q

Molybdenum

A

Functions as a catalyst

Deficiency diseases

86
Q

Fluoride

A

Trace found in bones and teeth

87
Q

Ultra-trace elements

A 
Silicon
Vanadium
Nickel
Tin
Cadmium
Arsenic

Nutrition (3 decks)

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