Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GI > Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What is Vitamin B1?

A

Thiamin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Thiamin’s (B1) role in metabolism?

A

Coenzyme Thiamin phosphate
Used for oxidative decarboxylation of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA -> Lactate
Also used in TCA Cycle and Pentose-Phosphate Pathway
Thiamin TRIphosphate -> activates CL channels in Nerve cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What signs will you see with Vitamin B1 deficiency?

A

Decreased appetite, emaciation, muscle weakness and nervous system dysfunction
Induced by Thiaminase (Bracken, Raw Fish)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two types of Vitamin B2?

A

Riboflavin and Nictotinamide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 types of Vitamin B6?

A

pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Vitamin B12 known as?

A

Cyanocobalamin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the metabolic functions of Vit B2 Riboflavin?

A

Flavoproteins and transport of H in reactions (in TCA cycle and Co-enzyme fo Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the sings of B2 Riboflavin deficiency?

A

Calves -> loose appetite, D+ and Mouth lesions
Pigs -> prevents premature birth, keeps oestrus cycle normal and deficient will see reduced growth
Poultry -> curled toe paralysis and embryonic abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the matabolic functions of Vit B2 Nicotinamide?

A

-> Nicotinic acid
Stable, synthesised in body and activates enzymes: NAD (TCA Cycle) and NADP (Pentose phosphate pathway)
Give to reduced bovine ketosis, pigs see slow growth and anorexia, poultry see bone reduction, loss of feathers and mouth inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the metabolic functions of B6 Pyridoxine?

A

in 3 interchangable forms
functions as pyridoxal phosphate
used for transaminations and decarboxylation -> AA as energy source and aa absorption
Deficiency unlikely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Metabolic function of B5 Pantothenic acid?

A

Constitue of Co-Enzyme A (CoA), used inm energy motabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Vitamin B7 biotin metabolic functions

A

Found in important enzymes: pyruvate carboxylase catalase -> gluconeogenesis, A-Coa Carboxylase (TAG) and Propinoyl COa Carboxylase (TCA cycle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens in B7 Biotin deficiency?

A

Pigs -> foot lesions, hair loss, reduced growth and fertility
Poultry = reduced growth, skin poor, leg bone abnormalities and reduced feathers and fatty liver
Ruminants -> will make enough, important in hoof quality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Metabolic functions of B9 folic acid

A

-> made into tetrahydrofolic acid
Used in co-enzyme for single carbon group utilisation,
DNA, RNA and NT synthesis
Leafy greens are good source -> UV degrades it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What would you see if deficient in B9 Folic acid?

A

Chickens/Poultry: decreased growth, anaemia, bone issues and egg production
Supplement folic acid at times of growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Metabolic function of Choline

A

Found in lecithin -> promotes lipid metabolism, perverts accumulation of fats
Found in Ach (hence the name..)
Choline -> synthesised in liver from methionine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Deficiency of Choline

A

Due to lack of synthesis so linked to methionine in diet -> reduced growth and fatty liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Vitamine B12 Cyanocobalamin metabolic functions

A

Microbial in origin -> specific glycoprotein needed to bind to intestine
Metabolic roles: isomerases, dehydrases, enzyme synthesis, propionate metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Vitamind B12 cyanocobalamin deficiency

A

Young animals most likely causing reduced growht, and in pigs high mortaility

20
Q

Describe the relationship between Vitamin b12 Cyanocobalamin and Cobalt

A

Ruminants (bacteria) require cobalt to synthesise B12 which without it can cause reduced growth, reduced ability to eat, anaemia and emaciation

21
Q

What are the metabolic functions of Magnesium? (Mg)

A

Common enzyme activator, used in formation of cAMP, used in cell respiration and muscle activity.

22
Q

Why can excess potassium in the rumen cause problems for ruminants?

A

Ruminant main Mg absorption is in rumen, too much K will interact with Na channels and Mg -> meaning Mg is no absorbed and there is insufficient Mg absorption in S.I and L.I
Leads to HYPOMAGNESIUM TETANY (CR Week 11)

23
Q

What are the metabolic functions of Selenium?

A
  • Incorporated into antioxidant enzyme Glutathione peroxidase (reduces hydroperoxides)
  • Immune response
  • Iodine metabolism
    Metabolism of fatty acids and glucose
24
Q

What are the symptoms of Selenium deficiency?

A 
White muscle disease
Ill thrift
Reduced growth
Decreased wool production
Impared immune function
Decreased reproductive performance
Pigs -> Mulberry heart, hepatosis dietic
Poultry - encephalomacia and exudative diathesis, pancreatic fibrosis
25
Q

Describe the interaction between Selenium and Vitamin E

A

Vit E is membrane bound
Selenium aids in the retention of VitE in plasma, reduced VitE required for membrane integrity
Vit E maintains Se in body in active form (GSHPx) -> lowers requirement for it

26
Q

What is a good source of Vitamin E?

A

Young grass

Must have a good source as not stored in the body.

27
Q

What are you likely to see in a vitamin E deficiency in pigs, poultry and horses?

A

All 3 will see muscular myopathy
Pigs -> mulberry heart (increased VitE increases litter size)
Poultry -> pectoral myopathy, encephalomacia and exudative diathesis
Horses -> lameness, muscle rigidty, myoglobin release in urine (brown wee)

28
Q

What will you see with Selenium Toxicity?

A

Alkali disease
Blind staggers
- dullness, rough coat, hair-loss, soreness, stiffness, lameness, sudden deaf and sore hooves
Mostly caused by Ragwort

29
Q

What are the metabolic functions of Copper?

A
  • Essential component of metalloenzymes
  • Activates enzyme system
  • Used in CNS and heart development
  • Fe metabolism
  • Immune system
  • Antioxidant
30
Q

What are you likely to see in pigs, non-ruminants and poultry with copper toxicity?

A

Pigs -> highly tolerant (used as a growth promoter)
Non-ruminants -> growth retardation
Poultry- erosion of gizzard

31
Q

What are the signs of copper deficiency in ruminants?

A

Swayback (enzootic neonatal ataxia)
Hair/wool keratinisation and pigmentation
Loss of hair around eyes, ears and muzzle
Bone disorders – oesteoporosis and impaired oesteoblastic activity
Anaemia
Infertility
Immune function
Lipid metabolism and oxidative stress
Impaired glucose metabolism

32
Q

Give an example of a Copper enzyme

A

Cytochrome c oxidase
Lysyl oxidase
Tyrosinase
Superoxidase dismutase

33
Q

What are the signs of copper toxicity in ruminants?

A

Weak, tremulous, listless, anorexic, HAEMOLYTIC CRISIS (breakdown of Hb into urine and plasma)

34
Q

Cats are carnivores. What three substances MUST they acquire from meat?

A

Taurine, arachidonic and pre-formed vitamin A

35
Q

What will taurine deficiency cause in cats?

A

Cardiomyopathy and irreversible blindness

36
Q

What vitamin has to be provided for guinea pigs due to their inability to synthesise it?

A

Vit C

37
Q

What are the metabolic functions of Iron?

A

Majority is bound to proteins such as Hb, transferring and ferritin.
Involved in TCA cycle enzymes
Cytochromes utilise oxidation and reduction of iron in the electron transport chain

38
Q

What are the signs of iron deficiency?

A

ANAEMIA -> mostly seen only in suckiling piglets hence injection at 3 days old. Causes reduced growth and thumps

39
Q

What are the metabolic functions of Manganese?

A

Major enzyme activator

Found in pyruvate carboxylase

40
Q

What signs will you see if an animal is deficient in manganese?

A

Reduced growth, ataxia, reproductive failure, decreases glucose utilisation and reduced blood clotting response

41
Q

What is the main function of iodine?

A

In the synthesis of thyroid hormones

42
Q

What are the symptoms of iodine deficiency?

A

Enlarged thyroid gland, reproductive abnormalities, reduced wool growth, goitrogens

43
Q

What is the metabolic role of Zinc?

A
  • essential in 200 enzymes
    Activate enzyme system
    used in cell replication and differentiation
    hormone production, storage and secretion
44
Q

What signs will you see in zinc deficiency?

A

Parakeratosis, reduced growth, stiff joints, swollen hock (chickens)
Normally caused by high Ca and Cu diets due to interaction with Zn

45
Q

What are the signs of lead toxicity?

A

Acute -> GI haemorrhage, anaemia, kidney damage, liver necrosis
Chronic -> osteoporosis, reduced appetite and lead line

GI (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions