Vitamins And Minerals Flashcards
Vitamin D active form - animal
Cholecalciferol - D3
1,25 - (OH2) - D3
Vitamin D provitamins forms
Ergosterol
7-dehydrocholesterol
Stored in liver
Vitamin D functions
Prohormone - turned into a hormone, stimulate the release of parathyroid hormone Bone formation and mineralization Maintenance of Ca and P homeostasis 1) increase intestinal absorption 2) increase reabsorption from kidney
Classes of animals that need increased amounts of Ca
Lactating dairy animals
Female geriatric animals
Vitamin D sources
Cod liver oil, egg yolk, some plants, fungi, molds, lichen, invertebrates
Sunlight - melanin interaction
Synthetic
When is Vitamin D supplementation necessary?
High grain diets
Animals houses indoors
Excessive cloudy weather
Vitamin D deficiency
Rickets, Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis
Rickets
Softening of bones in neonates
Osteomalacia
Softening of bones in adults
Osteoporosis
Softening of bones in geriatrics
Vitamin D toxicity
Increase in blood [Ca]
Calcification of soft tissue
Headache, anorexia
Vitamin E active forms
Tocopherol, tocotrienol
Most effective active form of vitamin E
Alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E functions
Antioxidant
Immune system
Sources of vitamin E
Growing immature green grass
Wheat germ oil
Synthetic- mixed tocopherol
Vitamin E supplementation reasons
Not stored in large amounts even though it is fat soluble
Vitamin E deficiency
Myopathy
Encephalomalacia
White muscle disease
Myopathy
Degradation of muscle tissue common in vitamin E deficiency
Encephalomalacia
Brain lesions/ scarring leading to abhorrent behavior
Common in vitamin E deficiency
White muscle disease
Degeneration of tissue, excess free radicals denature muscle protein
Sheep are exceptionally prone
Common symptom of vitamin E deficiency
Vitamin E toxicity
None reported
Vitamin K provitamin form
Menaquinone
Vitamin K active form
Phylloquinone
Vitamin k functions
Blood clotting - post translational modification of clotting factors
Activates prothrombin to thrombin
Thrombin activates fibrinogen to fibrin
Sources of vitamin K
Egg yolk, liver, fishmeal (not highly available to herbivores)
Growing leafy greens
Alfalfa
Synthesized by bacteria
Vitamin K toxicity
None reported for vitamin K
Vitamin K deficiency
Spontaneous bleeding in avians
“Sweet clover disease”
Sweet clover disease
Excess coumarin turns into dicumarol which inhibits activation of menaquinone into phylloquinone
Impairs blood clotting
Fat soluble vitamins
A D E K
Water soluble vitamins
B vitamin complex
Vitamin C
Vitamin C chemical form
Ascorbic acid
Vitamin C functions
Redox rxns Antioxidant Collagen synthesis Ion transport Carnitine synthesis Histamine catabolism
Carnitine
Uses energy from fat
Sources of vitamin C
Citrus fruits
Green leafy plants
Most mammals can synthesize vitamin C from glucose
Fresh green chiles
Mammals that cannot synthesize vitamin C
Golden hamster
Guinea pigs
Some primates including humans
Vitamin C deficiency (in humans)
Scurvy - preservation methods degrade vitamins in food
Defects in bone, teeth, cartilage, connective tissue, skin
Increases susceptibility to infection
B vitamins
Thiamin (B1) Riboflavin Niacin Pantothenic acid Pyridoxine (B6) Biotin Cobalamin (B12) Folic acid Choline
Sources of B vitamins
Synthesized by microbes
Yeast
Green leafy plants
Liver and animal tissues
General B vitamin functions
Coenzyme in metabolism
Fat and protein synthesis
H carrier in metabolism - homeostasis
Precursor for other molecules
General B vitamin deficiency
Decreased appetite and growth
Neurological disorders
Muscle weakness
Thiamin deficiency
Polyneuritis - beri beri atrophy - opisthotonos "star gazing" CNS dysfunction Rough coat Muscular weakness
Riboflavin deficiency
Dermatological signs - rough coat Curled toe paralysis (no deformity) Periodic ophthalmia - moon blindness - formation of cataracts
Niacin deficiency
Pellagra - “collar and sleeves”
Perosis in chickens
- bone deformation and tendon slippage
Corn cooked in basic solution frees niacin
Pantothenic acid deficiency
Reduced growth
Goose stepping
Achromotrichia- loss of pigment in hair
Pyridoxine deficiency
Dermatitis
CNS dysfunction
Folic acid deficiency
Reduced growth
Anemia
Spins bifida- high death rate
Affects young ruminants
Biotin deficiency
Dermatitis
Alopecia - rapid hair loss
Anemia, decreased growth
Cyanocobalamin / cobalamin deficiency
Complete anemia
Peripheral neuropathy
- numbness in extremities, memory loss, dementia, death
Unique! - cobalt component
- not present in any non-animal products
- herbivores rely on microbes for B 12
Choline deficiency
Abnormal cell structure- cancers
Fatty liver
Monogastrics when shifted to extreme diets (ex: alcoholics)
General functions of minerals
Catalytic
Electrochemical- pH balance, membrane permeability, osmotic control of water
Structural - skeletal
Regulatory - replication, differentiation, transcription
Mineral interactions and affects
Over supplementation of one mineral may induce deficiency or inhibit absorption of other minerals that may otherwise be adequate
Causes of Variation of minerals in feed
Plant species
Plant maturity
Soil mineral content
Fertilizer and lime application (pH)
Two forms of minerals
Inorganic
Organic- mineral incorporated into an organic molecule, sometimes an AA
Two classifications of minerals
Macro / major minerals
- % or g/kg
Trace / micro minerals
- mg/kg (ppm) or ng/ kg (ppb)
Macro minerals
Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cl, S
Na, Cl, K
Electrolytes
Na, Cl, K functions
Osmolarity
Transmission of electrical signals
Acid/ base balance - extra & intracellular
pH regulation of entire system
Cation - anion balance definition
Sum of total cations (+) and anions (-)
“De-cad” - dietary cation anion difference
Cation anion balance equation
mEq (Na + K) - mEq (Cl + S*)
Excess Na & K are alkalogenic and increase blood pH
Excess Cl and S are acidogenic and will reduce blood pH
Theory of acid / base balance
As Cl- and SO4,2- increase in circulation, there is an increase in electronegative charge, which repels the release of bicarbonate, reducing free base circulation and thus increases circulating H+
Sources of Na, Cl, K
Most forages high K
Usually electrolytes are provided in salt
Na, Cl, K problems in horses
No electrolyte storage
Sweat decreases electrolytes
Total body K
Closely related to lean body mass because muscle contained 75% body K
Ca functions
Skeleton and teeth structure Muscle contraction Transmission of nerve impulses Blood clotting Eggshell production
Ca homeostasis
Controlled by parathyroid hormone
As blood [Ca] decreases, PTH increases
Sources of Ca
Legumes (watch out for oxalic acid) Beet pulp Limestone (CaCO3) = cheap! Dicalcium phosphate Grains are low in Ca
Vitamin D chemical form - plant
Ergocalciferol - D2
- no biological function within animal
