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Animal Nutrition > Vitamins And Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins And Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin D active form - animal

A

Cholecalciferol - D3

1,25 - (OH2) - D3

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2
Q

Vitamin D provitamins forms

A

Ergosterol
7-dehydrocholesterol
Stored in liver

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3
Q

Vitamin D functions

A 
Prohormone - turned into a hormone, stimulate the release of parathyroid hormone
Bone formation and mineralization
Maintenance of Ca and P homeostasis 
1) increase intestinal absorption
2) increase reabsorption from kidney
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4
Q

Classes of animals that need increased amounts of Ca

A

Lactating dairy animals

Female geriatric animals

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5
Q

Vitamin D sources

A

Cod liver oil, egg yolk, some plants, fungi, molds, lichen, invertebrates
Sunlight - melanin interaction
Synthetic

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6
Q

When is Vitamin D supplementation necessary?

A

High grain diets
Animals houses indoors
Excessive cloudy weather

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7
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

Rickets, Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis

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8
Q

Rickets

A

Softening of bones in neonates

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9
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Softening of bones in adults

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10
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Softening of bones in geriatrics

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11
Q

Vitamin D toxicity

A

Increase in blood [Ca]
Calcification of soft tissue
Headache, anorexia

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12
Q

Vitamin E active forms

A

Tocopherol, tocotrienol

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13
Q

Most effective active form of vitamin E

A

Alpha tocopherol

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14
Q

Vitamin E functions

A

Antioxidant

Immune system

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15
Q

Sources of vitamin E

A

Growing immature green grass
Wheat germ oil
Synthetic- mixed tocopherol

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16
Q

Vitamin E supplementation reasons

A

Not stored in large amounts even though it is fat soluble

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17
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A

Myopathy
Encephalomalacia
White muscle disease

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18
Q

Myopathy

A

Degradation of muscle tissue common in vitamin E deficiency

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19
Q

Encephalomalacia

A

Brain lesions/ scarring leading to abhorrent behavior

Common in vitamin E deficiency

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20
Q

White muscle disease

A

Degeneration of tissue, excess free radicals denature muscle protein
Sheep are exceptionally prone
Common symptom of vitamin E deficiency

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21
Q

Vitamin E toxicity

A

None reported

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22
Q

Vitamin K provitamin form

A

Menaquinone

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23
Q

Vitamin K active form

A

Phylloquinone

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24
Q

Vitamin k functions

A

Blood clotting - post translational modification of clotting factors

Activates prothrombin to thrombin

Thrombin activates fibrinogen to fibrin

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25
Q

Sources of vitamin K

A

Egg yolk, liver, fishmeal (not highly available to herbivores)
Growing leafy greens
Alfalfa
Synthesized by bacteria

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26
Q

Vitamin K toxicity

A

None reported for vitamin K

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27
Q

Vitamin K deficiency

A

Spontaneous bleeding in avians

“Sweet clover disease”

28
Q

Sweet clover disease

A

Excess coumarin turns into dicumarol which inhibits activation of menaquinone into phylloquinone
Impairs blood clotting

29
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A D E K

30
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

B vitamin complex

Vitamin C

31
Q

Vitamin C chemical form

A

Ascorbic acid

32
Q

Vitamin C functions

A 
Redox rxns
Antioxidant 
Collagen synthesis
Ion transport 
Carnitine synthesis
Histamine catabolism
33
Q

Carnitine

A

Uses energy from fat

34
Q

Sources of vitamin C

A

Citrus fruits
Green leafy plants
Most mammals can synthesize vitamin C from glucose
Fresh green chiles

35
Q

Mammals that cannot synthesize vitamin C

A

Golden hamster
Guinea pigs
Some primates including humans

36
Q

Vitamin C deficiency (in humans)

A

Scurvy - preservation methods degrade vitamins in food
Defects in bone, teeth, cartilage, connective tissue, skin
Increases susceptibility to infection

37
Q

B vitamins

A 
Thiamin (B1)
Riboflavin 
Niacin 
Pantothenic acid
Pyridoxine (B6)
Biotin
Cobalamin (B12)
Folic acid 
Choline
38
Q

Sources of B vitamins

A

Synthesized by microbes
Yeast
Green leafy plants
Liver and animal tissues

39
Q

General B vitamin functions

A

Coenzyme in metabolism
Fat and protein synthesis
H carrier in metabolism - homeostasis
Precursor for other molecules

40
Q

General B vitamin deficiency

A

Decreased appetite and growth
Neurological disorders
Muscle weakness

41
Q

Thiamin deficiency

A 
Polyneuritis - beri beri atrophy 
 - opisthotonos "star gazing"
CNS dysfunction 
Rough coat
Muscular weakness
42
Q

Riboflavin deficiency

A 
Dermatological signs
 - rough coat
Curled toe paralysis (no deformity)
Periodic ophthalmia - moon blindness
 - formation of cataracts
43
Q

Niacin deficiency

A

Pellagra - “collar and sleeves”
Perosis in chickens
- bone deformation and tendon slippage
Corn cooked in basic solution frees niacin

44
Q

Pantothenic acid deficiency

A

Reduced growth
Goose stepping
Achromotrichia- loss of pigment in hair

45
Q

Pyridoxine deficiency

A

Dermatitis

CNS dysfunction

46
Q

Folic acid deficiency

A

Reduced growth
Anemia
Spins bifida- high death rate
Affects young ruminants

47
Q

Biotin deficiency

A

Dermatitis
Alopecia - rapid hair loss
Anemia, decreased growth

48
Q

Cyanocobalamin / cobalamin deficiency

A

Complete anemia
Peripheral neuropathy
- numbness in extremities, memory loss, dementia, death
Unique! - cobalt component
- not present in any non-animal products
- herbivores rely on microbes for B 12

49
Q

Choline deficiency

A

Abnormal cell structure- cancers
Fatty liver
Monogastrics when shifted to extreme diets (ex: alcoholics)

50
Q

General functions of minerals

A

Catalytic
Electrochemical- pH balance, membrane permeability, osmotic control of water
Structural - skeletal
Regulatory - replication, differentiation, transcription

51
Q

Mineral interactions and affects

A

Over supplementation of one mineral may induce deficiency or inhibit absorption of other minerals that may otherwise be adequate

52
Q

Causes of Variation of minerals in feed

A

Plant species
Plant maturity
Soil mineral content
Fertilizer and lime application (pH)

53
Q

Two forms of minerals

A

Inorganic

Organic- mineral incorporated into an organic molecule, sometimes an AA

54
Q

Two classifications of minerals

A

Macro / major minerals
- % or g/kg
Trace / micro minerals
- mg/kg (ppm) or ng/ kg (ppb)

55
Q

Macro minerals

A

Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cl, S

56
Q

Na, Cl, K

A

Electrolytes

57
Q

Na, Cl, K functions

A

Osmolarity
Transmission of electrical signals
Acid/ base balance - extra & intracellular
pH regulation of entire system

58
Q

Cation - anion balance definition

A

Sum of total cations (+) and anions (-)

“De-cad” - dietary cation anion difference

59
Q

Cation anion balance equation

A

mEq (Na + K) - mEq (Cl + S*)

Excess Na & K are alkalogenic and increase blood pH

Excess Cl and S are acidogenic and will reduce blood pH

60
Q

Theory of acid / base balance

A

As Cl- and SO4,2- increase in circulation, there is an increase in electronegative charge, which repels the release of bicarbonate, reducing free base circulation and thus increases circulating H+

61
Q

Sources of Na, Cl, K

A

Most forages high K

Usually electrolytes are provided in salt

62
Q

Na, Cl, K problems in horses

A

No electrolyte storage

Sweat decreases electrolytes

63
Q

Total body K

A

Closely related to lean body mass because muscle contained 75% body K

64
Q

Ca functions

A 
Skeleton and teeth structure 
Muscle contraction
Transmission of nerve impulses 
Blood clotting
Eggshell production
65
Q

Ca homeostasis

A

Controlled by parathyroid hormone

As blood [Ca] decreases, PTH increases

66
Q

Sources of Ca

A 
Legumes (watch out for oxalic acid)
Beet pulp
Limestone (CaCO3) = cheap!
Dicalcium phosphate
Grains are low in Ca
67
Q

Vitamin D chemical form - plant

A

Ergocalciferol - D2

- no biological function within animal

Animal Nutrition (1 decks)

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