Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Signs and symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency

A

Night blindness, scaly rash, xerophthalmia (dry eyes), Bitot spots (debris on conjunctiva), increased infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Signs and symptoms of Vitamin A toxicity

A

Pseudotumor cerebri, bone thickening, teratogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Signs and symptoms of Vitamin C deficiency

A

Scurvy (hemorrhages/skin petechiae, bone, gums; loose teeth; gingivitis), poor wound healing, hyperkeratotic hair follicles, bone pain (from periosteal hemorrhages)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Signs and symptoms of Vitamin D deficiency

A

Rickets, osteomalacia, hypocalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Signs and symptoms of Vitamin D toxicity

A

Hypercalcemia, nausea, renal toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Signs and symptoms of Vitamin E deficiency

A

Anemia, peripheral neuropathy, ataxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Signs and symptoms of Vitamin E toxicity

A
Necrotizing enterocolitis (infants)
Decreased level of vitamin K dependent clotting factors, potentiates actions of warfarin, increases risk of hemorrhagic stroke
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Signs and symptoms of Vitamin K deficiency

A

Hemorrhage, prolonged PT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Signs and symptoms of Vitamin K toxicity

A

Hemolysis (kernicterus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Signs and symptoms of Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency

A

Wet beriberi (high-output cardiac failure), dry beriberi (peripheral neuropathy), Wernicke and Korsakoff syndromes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Signs and symptoms of Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency

A

Angular stomatitis, dermatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Signs and symptoms of Vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency

A

Pellagra (dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea), stomatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Signs and symptoms of Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency

A

Peripheral neuropathy, stomatitis, convulsions in infants, microcytic anemia, seborrheic dermatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Signs and symptoms of Vitamin B12 (coabalamin) deficiency

A

Megaloblastic anemia + neurologic symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Signs and symptoms of folic acid deficiency

A

Megaloblastic anemia WITHOUT neurologic symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Signs and symptoms of Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) toxicity

A

Peripheral neuropathy - ONLY VITAMIN B TOXICITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Signs and symptoms of iron deficiency

A

Microcytic anemia, koilonychia (spoon-shaped fingernails)

18
Q

Signs and symptoms of iron toxicity

A

Hemochromatosis

19
Q

Signs and symptoms of iodine deficiency

A

Goiter, cretinism, hypothyroidism

20
Q

Signs and symptoms of iodine toxicity

A

Myxedema

21
Q

Signs and symptoms of fluoride deficiency

A

Dental caries (cavities)

22
Q

Signs and symptoms of fluoride toxicity

A

Fluorosis with mottling of teeth and bone exostoses

23
Q

Signs and symptoms of zinc deficiency

A

Hypogeusia (decreased taste), rash, slow wound healing

24
Q

Signs and symptoms of copper deficiency

A

Menkes syndrome (X-linked; kinky hair, mental retardation)

25
Q

Signs and symptoms of copper toxicity

A

Wilson disease

26
Q

Signs and symptoms of selenium deficiency

A

Cardiomyopathy and muscle pain

27
Q

Signs and symptoms of selenium toxicity

A

Loss of hair and nails

28
Q

Signs and symptoms of manganese toxicity

A

“Manganese madness” in miners of ore (behavioral changes/psychosis)

29
Q

Signs and symptoms of chromium deficiency

A

Impaired glucose tolerance

30
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins? In what general category of patients are they deficient?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble.
May be due to malabsorption (e.g. CF, cirrhosis, celiac disease, duodenal bypass, bile-duct obstruction, pancreatic insufficiency, chronic giardiasis).

31
Q

What vitamin, mineral, and electrolyte deficiencies are classically seen in alcoholics?

A

Folate, thiamine, phosphorous, and magnesium deficiencies

32
Q

What is the most common cause of Vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Pernicious anemia, in which antiparietal antibodies destroy the ability to secrete intrinsic factor. Conditions associated with pernicious anemia include hypothyroidism, type I diabetes, and vitiligo. Schilling test is used to diagnose the cause of B12 deficiency. Removal of ileum and tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum are exotic causes.

33
Q

What is the classic iatrogenic cause of Vitamin B6 deficiency?

A

Prolonged therapy with isoniazid (esp. in young people). Many automatically give pyridoxine supplements to patients who start isoniazid therapy for TB.

34
Q

Which medications may cause folate deficiency?

A

Anticonvulsants (esp. phenytoin), methotrexate, trimethoprim

35
Q

Which vitamin is a known teratogen?

A

Vitamin A. Women taking one of the Vitamin A analogs (e.g. isotretinoin) as treatment for acne must have a negative pregnancy test before starting.

36
Q

Which vitamin should be taken by all sexually active women or reproductive age?

A

Folate, which reduces the risk of neural tube defects in the fetus. The maximal benefit often occurs before the woman knows that she is pregnant.

37
Q

What are the physical findings of rickets?

A

Craniotabes (poorly mineralized skull; bones feel like a ping-pong ball), rachitic rosary (costochondral beading; small round masses on anterior rib cage), delayed fontanelle closure, bossing of the skull, kyphoscoliosis, bow-legs and knock-knees
*Bone changes first appear at the lower ends of the radius and ulna)

38
Q

Which vitamin is given to all newborns?

A

Vitamin K is given as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.

39
Q

Which clotting factors are affected by Vitamin K? What is the interaction of Vitamin K and the liver?

A

Needed for hepatic synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X as well as proteins C and S.
Chronic liver disease can cause prolongation of PT and INR because of inability to synthesize even in the presence of Vitamin K. Problem should be corrected with fresh frozen plasma.

40
Q

Describe the relationship between Vitamin K and broad-spectrum antibiotics.

A

Prolonged therapy with broad-spectrum antibiotics is a potential cause of Vitamin K deficiency. These meds can eliminate normal gut bacteria that synthesize much of the Vitamin K required daily.

41
Q

What is the classic description of a Vitamin C-deficient patient?

A

An elderly person with a diet of “hot dogs and soda” or “tea and toast” who presents with bleeding gums and bone pain.