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PHM 604 GI > Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

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2
Q

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamins B (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12) and C

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3
Q

Fat-Soluble Vitamins Characteristics

A
  • Well-retained in body
  • Stored in fatty tissue
  • Takes time to become deficient
  • Toxicity more likely due to slow clearance
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4
Q

Water-Soluble Vitamins Characteristics

A
  • Not well-retained in body (except B12)
  • Less likely to cause toxicity (readily cleared from body)
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5
Q

Vitamin A (Retinol) Signs of Deficiency

A
  • Dermatitis
  • Night blindness
  • Bitot’s spots
  • Poor wound healing
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6
Q

Vitamin D Signs of Deficiency

A
  • Osteomalacia
  • Osteoporosis
  • Rickets (weakening of bone when young)
  • Muscle weakness
  • Poor growth/development
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7
Q

Vitamin E Signs of Deficiency

A
  • Hemolysis
  • Peripheral neuropathy
  • Skeletal muscle atrophy
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8
Q

Vitamin K Signs of Deficiency

A
  • Bleeding
  • Elevated prothrombin time
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9
Q

Vitamin B (1, 6, 9, 12) Signs of Deficiency

A

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
- Early: anorexia, fatigue, depression, impaired memory
- Late: Paresthesia (burning/prickling of limbs), Wernicke’s encephalopathy

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
- Limb numbness, convulsions, microcytic anemia

Vitamin B9 (Folic acid)
- Macrocytic anemia, neural tube defects (of embryo)

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
- Spinal cord degeneration, peripheral neuropathy, macrocytic anemia

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10
Q

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Signs of Deficiency

A
  • Scurvy (bleeding, poor wound healing)
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11
Q

At Risk Populations for Mineral Deficiencies

A
  1. Chronic illnesses
  2. Elderly
  3. Vegetarian/vegan diets
  4. Pregnant women
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12
Q

Hypocalcemia Signs

A
  • Muscle cramps
  • Weakness
  • Tachycardia
  • Seizures
  • Osteopenia risk
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13
Q

Hypercalcemia Signs

A
  • Constipation
  • N/V
  • Weakness
  • Confusion
  • Kidney stones
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14
Q

Calcium Correction Equation

A

Correct for calcium when albumin is low:

Ca corrected = Ca serum + (0.8 * (4-albumin))

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15
Q

Hypomagnesemia Signs

A

Moderate
- Tremors
- Fatigue/weakness
- Hypokalemia

Severe
- Seizures
- Arrhythmias

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16
Q

Hypermagnesemia Signs

A

Moderate
- Usually asymptomatic

Severe:
- Muscle weakness
- Dysrhythmias
- Delirium

17
Q

Hypokalemia Signs

A
  • Muscle cramps
  • Dysrhythmias
18
Q

Hyperkalemia Signs

A
  • Usually asymptomatic
  • Fatal EKG changes (vfib)
19
Q

Mg2+ and K+ Regulation

A
  1. Correct hypomagnesemia FIRST
  2. Then correct potassium
20
Q

Special Pop: Eating Disorders (Supplementation)

A
  • Nutritional rehab (be cautious of refeeding syndrome)
  • Restore weight gradually
21
Q

Special Pop: Alcohol Use Disorder (Supplementation)

A
  • Replace fluids and electrolytes
  • Restore fat-soluble vitamins (ADEK)
  • Supplement thiamine (prevent Wernicke’s encephalopathy → IV>PO)
  • Supplement folic acid (prevent macrocytic anemia)
22
Q

Special Pop: Pregnancy (Supplementation)

A
  • ***Folic acid
  • ***Iron (AE: constipation → use stool softener)
  • Prenatal vitamin (calcium, vitamin D, iodine)
23
Q

Special Pop: Neonates (Supplementation)

A
  • Breast milk preferred but doesn’t meet all nutritional requirements

If breastfed, supplement with…
- Vit D 400 IU/day
- Iron 1mg/kg/day

If fed Vit D and iron-fortified formula then you’re gucci

  • Whole milk AE: GI bleeding, anemia, metabolic acidosis
24
Q

Special Pop: Elderly (Supplementation)

A
  • Potassium
  • Calcium
  • Vit D
  • Dietary fiber
  • Vit B12 (important for cognitive function and RBC production)
  • q monthly B12 inj available for people with poor PO adherence
25
Q

Special Pop: Macular Degeneration (Supplementation)

A
  • Vitamin A (role in retinal pigment cells)
  • Vitamins C and E (antioxidants)

AREDS
- Vit C
- Vit E
- Zinc
- Copper
- Beta-carotene (vit A precursor)

AREDS2 (slightly better than AREDS)
- Same as above except lutein & zeaxanthin instead of beta-carotene

Not omega-3 tho stay safe xD

26
Q

Drug-Nutrient Interactions w/ Vitamins

A
  • Long-term Rx and OTCs can cause micronutrient deficiencies
  • Greatest risk in children and older adults

Examples:
1. ABX x Vit K deficiency
2. H2A x Vit B12 and Ca2+ malabsorption
3. Isoniazid x B3 and B6 deficiency
4. Methotrexate x folic acid deficiency (supplement needed but DON’T TAKE ON THE SAME DAY)
5. PPI x B12, iron, and Ca2+ malabsorption
6. Diuretics x Mg2+, K+, Zn2+ losses

PHM 604 GI (4 decks)

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