Vitamins

Question 1

Vitamin b9

Answer 1

• Folic acid - THF reduced coE form
• 1C metabolism, ser, glyc, his —> synthesis of aa, purine nt, tmp
• macrocytic megaloblastic anemia, ex pregnancy lactation, poor absorption, alcoholism, drug treatment
• neural tube defects

Question 2

Vitamin B12

Answer 2

Cobalamin

• remethylation of Hcy to meth, isomerization of methylmalonyl coA (from degradation of aa (tvim) and odd number fa)
• corring ring system, pyrrole rings methene, coordination bonds (pyrrole, co, 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, CN), 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin, methylcobalamin
• only by microorganism, not plants
• liver, red meat, fish, eggs, dairy, chereals
• folate trap
• megaloblastic anemia
• 2-5 mg stored
• schilling test
• pernicious anemia
• haptocorrin, IF, cubilin

Question 3

Vitamin C

Answer 3

Ascorbic acid

• reducing agent
• hydroxylation - collagen - ferrous - CT/wound healing - iron intestine
• scurvy - gum, teeth, vessel, hemo, joints, bone, fatigue
• microcytic anemia
• ACE - antioxidations (helps E)

Question 4

Vitamin B6

Answer 4

Pyridoxine - pyridoxal - pyridoxamine —> PLP

• 1 plants, 2 animals
• catalyze reactions involving aa, glycogen phosphorylase (Deamination, transamination)
• isoniazid - Tuberculosis —> deficiency - inactive derivative.
• deficiency - rare - infants, oral contraceptives, alcoholism
• only water soluble vitamin with sig toxicity, above 500 mg/d. Neuropathy

Question 5

Vitamin B1

Answer 5

Thiamin - TPP

• transketolase, oxidative decarboxylation of alpha ketoacids (DHG complexes)
• deficiency diagnosed by increase in transketolase a w addition of TPP
• beriberi - wet dry
• wernicke korsakoff syndrome - chronic alcoholism. Wernicke - mental confusion, gait ataxia, nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia korsakoff - memory problems and hallucinations

Question 6

Vitamin B3

Answer 6

Niacin / nicotinamide - NAD+ / NADP+
- oxidation-reduction reactions
- from trp
- enriched grains, chereal, milk, lean meats
- deficiency —> pellagra —> DDD —> D
Hartnup disorder - no trp —> pellagra like symptoms
- treatment for hyperlipidemia - inhibits lipolysis, VLDL LDL

Question 7

Vitamin B2

Answer 7

Riboflavin - FMN - FAD

• tightly / covalently to flavoenzymes (FMN - NADH DHG FAD-succinate DHG) ox/red
• def symptoms - dermatitis, cheilosis
• light sensitive

Question 8

Vitamin B7

Answer 8

Biotin

• coE in carboxylation, carrier of Co2
• bind to epsilon amino group of lys residues in E
• alot supply from intestinal bacteria
• egg white (avidin) —> deficiency, dermatitis, hair loss, loss of apetite, nausea

Question 9

Vitamin B5

Answer 9

Pantothenic acid

• coA, thiol group, carries asyl compounds as a thiol esters
• ACP (fatty acid synthase), acetyl-coa
• eggs, liver, yeast

Question 10

Vitamin A

Answer 10

Retinol - 1° alcohol, b-ionine ring, in animal tissues as retinyl ester. Storage form
Retinal - aldehyde derived from oxidation of retinol
Retionic acid; acid derived from ox of retinal. Cannot be reduced in body.
B-carotene - provitamin A. 1–>2
- chylomicron —> lymph
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