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Nutrition > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

B and C

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2
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, and K

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3
Q

Beri-beri

A

Thiamin deficiency. Wet beriberi presents with edema, dry beriberi presents with muscle wasting

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4
Q

Pellagra

A

Niacin deficiency

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5
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

Vitamin B12, requires intrinsic factor glycoprotein secreted in stomach, facilitates receptor recognition in ileum

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6
Q

Relationship between folate and vitamin B12

A

Vitamin B12 is involved in the synthesis of new cells, maintains nerve cells, reforms folate coenzymes, and helps break down some fatty acids and amino acids

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7
Q

What is beta-carotene? Where do we find it?

A

A red-orange pigment found in fruits and vegetables, precursor to vitamin A. Also an antioxidant, helps protect body from diseases including cancer

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8
Q

Another vitamin precursor..?

A

Cholesterol, serves as precursor for vitamin D synthesis

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9
Q

Which vitamins are synthesized by intestinal bacteria?

A

Vitamin K

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10
Q

What does RAE measure?

A

reference to vitamin A and measures retinol activity

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11
Q

What is alpha-tocopherol?

A

Vitamin E; 4 different tocopherol compounds, but only alpha-tocopherol has vitamin E activity in human beings

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12
Q

Thiamin

A

involved in energy metabolism as part of the coenzyme thiamin pryophosphate (TPP). Pyruvate to actylCoA; TCA cycle. B1

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13
Q

Thiamin Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms

A

Deficiency Symptoms: enlarged heart and possible cardiac failure, muscular weakness, apathy, poor short-term memory, confusion, irritability, anorexia, and weight loss.
Deficiency results in disease beriberi.
No reported toxicities

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14
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

Thiamin deficiency, develops in those who abuse alcohol

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15
Q

Thiamin Food sources

A

whole-grain, fortified or enriched grain products, moderate amounts in all foods, pork

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16
Q

Riboflavin

A

involved in energy metabolism, TCA cycle; e-transport chain; pyruvate to actylCoA; fatty acids to acetylCoA. Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are coenzyme forms. Easily destroyed by UV light and irradiation. Not destroyed by cooking. B2

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17
Q

Riboflavin Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms

A

Deficiency symptoms: inflamed eyelids, sensitivity to light, reddening of cornea. Sore throat; cracks and redness at corners of mouth known as cheilosis. Painful, smooth and purplish red tongue known as gossitis.

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18
Q

Ariboflavinosis

A

riboflavin deficiency disease

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19
Q

Riboflavin Food sources

A

milk products (yogurt & cheese) enriched and whole grains, liver

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20
Q

Niacin

A

involved in metabolism of glucose, fat and alcohol. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and NADP the phosphate form of NAD are coenzyme forms. TCA cycle; e-transport chain. B3

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21
Q

Niacin Deficiency Symptoms

A

Diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting. Inflamed, swollen, smooth and bright red tongue. Depression, apathy, fatigue, loss o memory, and headache. Rash when exposed to sunlight.

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22
Q

Pellagra

A

Niacin deficiency disease

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23
Q

Niacin Toxicity symptoms

A

Niacin flush dilates the capillaries and may be painful. Painful flush, hives, and rash. Excessive sweating, blurred vision, liver damage, impaired glucose tolerance.

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24
Q

Niacin Food Sources

A

Milk, eggs, meat, poultry, fish, whole-grain and enriched breads and cereals, nuts and all protein-containing foods, mushrooms

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25
Q

Biotin

A

part of coenzyme used in energy metabolism (TCA cycle), assists in glycogen synthesis, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid metabolism

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26
Q

Biotin deficiency and toxicity symptoms

A

deficiencies are rare. Depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numb/tingling sensation in arms and legs, red, scaly rash around eyes, nose and mouth, hair loss. No reported toxicities

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27
Q

Biotin Food sources

A

widespread in foods. organ meats, egg yolks and fish. Soybeans and whole grains. Biotin can also be synthesized by intestinal bacteria.

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28
Q

Pantothenic Acid

A

involved in energy metabolism, part of coenzyme A

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29
Q

Pantothenic Acid Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms

A

Deficiency is rare. Vomiting, nausea, stomach cramps, insomnia, fatigue, depression, irritability, restlessness, apathy, hypoglycemia, increased sensitivity to insulin. No reported toxicities.

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30
Q

Pantothenic Acid Food sources

A

widespread in foods, organ meats, mushrooms, avocados, broccoli, whole grains. Can be destroyed by freezing, caning, and refining.

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31
Q

Vitamin B6

A

coenzyme forms vitamin B6 pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) and pyridoxamine phosphate PMP are involved in amino and fatty acid metabolism, conversion of tryptophan to niacin or serotonin, production of red blood cells.

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32
Q

Vitamin B6 Deficiency Symptoms

A

Scaly dermatitis, anemia (small cell type) depression, confusion, abnormal brain wave pattern and convulsions. Alcohol destroys the vitamin. INH drug used for tuberculosis acts as an antagonist.

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33
Q

Vitamin B6 Toxicity Symptoms

A

Depression, fatigue, irritability, and headaches. Nerve damage causing numbness and muscle weakness leading to inability to walk. Convulsions, skin lesions

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34
Q

Vitamin B6 Food Sources

A

Meats, fish, poultry, liver, legumes, soy products, non-citrus fruits, fortified cereals.

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35
Q

Folate

A

folic acid, folacin, pterolyglutamic acid (PGA) involved in synthesis of DNA and formation of new cells. coenzymes THF (tetrahydrofolate) and DHG (dihyrofolate) require vitamin B12 to funciton correctly . Easily destroyed by heat and oxygen

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36
Q

Neutral tube defects and folate

A

spina bifida and anencephaly

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37
Q

Pregnant women should take folate supplements (True/False)

A

True

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38
Q

Folate and Heart Disease

A

high levels of homocysteine and low levels of folate increase risk of heart disease. Folate breaks down homocysteine. Folate may help prevent some cancers while excess may increase risk for some.

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39
Q

Folate Deficiency symptoms

A

macrocytic anemia, megaloblastic anemia, large cell type. Smooth red tongue, mental confusion, weakness, fatigue, irritability and headaches.
Most vulnerable of all vitamins to interact with meds (anticancer drug, antacids and aspirin, birth control pills)

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40
Q

Folate toxicity

A

Masks vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms

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41
Q

Folate food sources

A

fortified grains, leafy green vegetables, legumes, seeds and liver

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42
Q

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

A

involved in synthesis of new cells maintains nerve cells, reforms folate coenzymes and helps break down some fatty acids and amino acids. Methylcobalamine and deoxyadenosylcobalamin are the coenzyme forms. Requires intrinsic factor- glycoprotein secreted in stomach, facilitates receptor recognition in ileum.

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43
Q

Vitamin B12 Deficiency and Toxicity symptoms

A

anemia, large cell type. fatigue and depression. degeneration of peripheral nerves progressing to paralysis.

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44
Q

Atrophic gastritis

A

in older adults destroys stomach cells, which diminishes intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid production (vitamin b12)

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45
Q

pernicious anemia

A

vitamin b12 deficiency

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46
Q

Vitamin B12 food sources

A

Naturally occurs in animal food only! Meat, fish, poultry and shellfish. Milk, cheese and eggs. Fortified cereals; fortified soy beverages

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47
Q

Ascorbic Acid Vitamin C

A

Antiscobutic factor, original name. Cofactor to facilitate action of enzyme and also serves as antioxidant. Easily destroyed by heat and oxygen

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48
Q

Vitamin C roles

A

Antioxidant: defends agains free radicals, protects tissues from oxidative stress.
Cofactor in Collagen Formation: collagen used for bones, teeth, scar tissue and artery walls- works with iron to form hydroxiproline which is needed for collagen formation.

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49
Q

Other roles for VItamin C

A

As a cofactor in other reactions: fatty acid oxidation, converts tryptophan to neurotransmitters, makes hormones. Vitamin C needs increase during body stress. Vitamin C deactivates histamine with an antihisamine.

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50
Q

Vitamin C Deficiency symptoms

A

anemia- small cell type, atherosclerotic plaques and pinpoint hemorrhages, bone fragility and joint pain, poor woud healing and frequent infections, bleeding gums and loosened teeth, muscle degeneration and pain, hysteria, and depression, rough skin and blotchy bruises

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51
Q

Scurvy

A

vitamin C deficiency

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52
Q

Vitamin C toxicity symptoms

A

nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, headache, fatigue, and insomnia, hot flashes, and rashes, interference with medical tests, creating a false positive or a false negative, aggravation of gout symptoms, urinary tract infections and kidney stones

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53
Q

Vitamin C Food source

A

citrus fruits, cantaloupe, strawberries, papayas, and mangoes. Cabbage-type vegetables, dark green vegetables like green peppers and broccoli, lettuce, tomatoes and potatoes.

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54
Q

Vitamin A

A

found in body in compounds known as retinoids: retinal, retinal, and retinoic acid. Function roles in vision, healthy epithelial cells and growth.

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55
Q

Retinol binding protein (RBP)

A

allows vitamin A to be transported throughout the body.

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56
Q

Roles of Vitamin A In vision:

A

helps maintain cornea, conversion of light energy into nerve impulses at retina, rhodopsin is a light sensitive pigment of the retina that contains a protein called opsin plus one molecule of retinal.

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57
Q

Roles of Vitamin A in Protein Synthesis and Cell diferentiation

A

differentiation, vitamin a allows cells to perform specific functions. Epithelial cells: protects the integrity of internal mucous membranes

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58
Q

Vitamin A in reproduction and growth

A

sperm development in men, normal fetal development in women, growth in children, remodeling of the bone involves osteoclasts, osteoblasts and lysosomes

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59
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A

90% stored in liver- would take a year or more to develop a deficiency in the presence of inadequate intake. Infectious diseases, impaired immunity correlates with vitamin A deficiency in children. Night blindness, first detectable sign of vitamin a deficiency. blindness, keratinization

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60
Q

hypovitaminosis A

A

vitamin a deficiency disease

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61
Q

vitamin a toxicity

A

bone defects, increased activity of osteoclasts causes weakened bones and contributes to osteoporosis and fractures. birth defects, teratogenic risk. not for acne

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62
Q

Hypervitaminosis A

A

toxicity disease of vitamin a. chronic toxicity symptoms include liver abnormalities. acute toxicity symptoms: blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, vertigo, headaches, and pressure in skull

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63
Q

vitamin a in foods

A

Retinol: fortified milk, cheese, cream, butter, fortified margarine and eggs. Beta carotene: spinach and other dark green leafy veggies, deep orange fruits (cantaloupe) deep orange veggies (carrots). liver rich in vitamin a

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64
Q

vitamin D

A

calciferol, a nonessential nutrient that acts like a hormone in the body, body can make vitamin d with help from sunlight. (Ergo: plant & chole=animal). Activation occurs through action of the liver and kidneys

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65
Q

Roles of Vitamin D

A

Bone growth: maintenance of blood serum levels of calcium and phosphorus. Immune system, brain and nervous system. Pancreas, skin, muscle, cartilage, and reporductive organs.

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66
Q

Vitamin D deficiency factors

A

dark sin, breastfeeding without supplementation, lack of sunlight, use of nonfortified milk

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67
Q

Rickets

A

vitamin D deficiency, affects mainly children worldwide. inadequate calcification of bones, growth retardation

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68
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Vitamin D deficiency, affects adults, soft flexible brittle and deformed bones, progressive weakness

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69
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Vitamin D deficiency, loss of calcium from bones due to inadequate synthesis of vitamin D

70
Q

Vitamin D toxicity

A

sunlight/food not likely to cause toxicity. high does supplements may cause toxicity, elevated blood calcium, calcification of soft tissue, frequent urination

71
Q

hypercalcemia

A

high blood calcium, often associated with vitamin D excess

72
Q

hypervitaminosis D

A

toxicity disease of vitamin D

73
Q

Vitamin D in foods

A

fortified milk, fortified cereals, chocolate mixes, soy beverages, veal, beef, egg yolks, liver, fatty fish and their oils, mushrooms

74
Q

Vitamin D from sun

A

synthesized in body from cholesterol, SPF of 8 and above prevents synthesis of vitamin D from sunlight, obtained from tanning beds depending on type of UV radiation

75
Q

Vitamin E

A

only alpha-tocopherol has vitamin E activity in human beings.

76
Q

Vitamin E antioxidant

A

stops chain reaction of free radicals, protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A, protects oxidation of LDLs

77
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A

inadequate intake is rare

78
Q

Erythrocyte hemolysiss

A

occurs in premature infants- breaking open of RBCs. hemolytic anemia can be treated with vitamin E

79
Q

Vitamin E Deficiency symtoms

A

loss of muscle coordination and reflexes, impaired vision and speech, nerve damage. supplements doesn’t prevent/cure muscular dystrophy. fibrocystic breast disease responds to vitamin E treatment. intermittent claudiication responds to vitamin E treatment

80
Q

Vitamin E toxicity

A

rare, least toxic of fat soluble vitamins, may augment effects of anticlotting medication

81
Q

vitamin e in foods

A

polyunsaturated plant oils (margarine, salad dressing and shortenings) leafy green veggies, wheat germ, whole grains, liver and egg yolks, nuts and seads, easily destroyed by heat and oxygen

82
Q

vitamin K

A

Also known as phylloquinone, menaquinone, menadione, and naphthoquinone
Vitamin K is unique in that half of human needs are met through the action of intestinal bacteria.
Vitamin K is essential in blood clotting
Vitamin K deficiency can cause uncontrolled bleeding.
Deficiencies can occur in newborn infants and people taking antibiotics.

83
Q

Vitamin K roles

A

Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins
Synthesis of bone proteins that regulate blood calcium
Without vitamin K, a hemorrhagic disease may develop.
Hemophilia is a hereditary disorder and is not cured with vitamin K.

84
Q

Vitamin K Deficiency

A

Symptoms include hemorrhaging
Secondary deficiencies may occur with use of antibiotics.
Newborn infants receive a single dose of vitamin K at birth because of a sterile intestinal tract.

85
Q

Vitamin K toxicity

A

Uncommon
No known toxicities
High doses can decrease the effectiveness of anticlotting medications. Need to avoid/limit if on coumadin (warfarin) therapy.

86
Q

Vitamin K sources

A

Liver
Leafy green vegetables and cabbage-type vegetables
Milk

87
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, and K

88
Q

Beri-beri

A

Thiamin deficiency. Wet beriberi presents with edema, dry beriberi presents with muscle wasting

89
Q

Pellagra

A

Niacin deficiency

90
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

Vitamin B12, requires intrinsic factor glycoprotein secreted in stomach, facilitates receptor recognition in ileum

91
Q

Relationship between folate and vitamin B12

A

Vitamin B12 is involved in the synthesis of new cells, maintains nerve cells, reforms folate coenzymes, and helps break down some fatty acids and amino acids

92
Q

What is beta-carotene? Where do we find it?

A

A red-orange pigment found in fruits and vegetables, precursor to vitamin A. Also an antioxidant, helps protect body from diseases including cancer

93
Q

Another vitamin precursor..?

A

Cholesterol, serves as precursor for vitamin D synthesis

94
Q

Which vitamins are synthesized by intestinal bacteria?

A

Vitamin K

95
Q

What does RAE measure?

A

reference to vitamin A and measures retinol activity

96
Q

What is alpha-tocopherol?

A

Vitamin E; 4 different tocopherol compounds, but only alpha-tocopherol has vitamin E activity in human beings

97
Q

Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

A

involved in energy metabolism as part of the coenzyme thiamin pryophosphate (TPP). Pyruvate to actylCoA; TCA cycle

98
Q

Thiamin Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms

A

Deficiency Symptoms: enlarged heart and possible cardiac failure, muscular weakness, apathy, poor short-term memory, confusion, irritability, anorexia, and weight loss.
Deficiency results in disease beriberi.
No reported toxicities

99
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

Thiamin deficiency, develops in those who abuse alcohol

100
Q

Thiamin Food sources

A

whole-grain, fortified or enriched grain products, moderate amounts in all foods, pork

101
Q

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)

A

involved in energy metabolism, TCA cycle; e-transport chain; pyruvate to actylCoA; fatty acids to acetylCoA. Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are coenzyme forms. Easily destroyed by UV light and irradiation. Not destroyed by cooking.

102
Q

Riboflavin Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms

A

Deficiency symptoms: inflamed eyelids, sensitivity to light, reddening of cornea. Sore throat; cracks and redness at corners of mouth known as cheilosis. Painful, smooth and purplish red tongue known as gossitis.

103
Q

Ariboflavinosis

A

riboflavin deficiency disease

104
Q

Riboflavin Food sources

A

milk products (yogurt & cheese) enriched and whole grains, liver

105
Q

Niacin (Vitamin B3)

A

involved in metabolism of glucose, fat and alcohol. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and NADP the phosphate form of NAD are coenzyme forms. TCA cycle; e-transport chain

106
Q

Niacin Deficiency Symptoms

A

Diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting. Inflamed, swollen, smooth and bright red tongue. Depression, apathy, fatigue, loss o memory, and headache. Rash when exposed to sunlight.

107
Q

Pellagra

A

Niacin deficiency disease

108
Q

Niacin Toxicity symptoms

A

Niacin flush dilates the capillaries and may be painful. Painful flush, hives, and rash. Excessive sweating, blurred vision, liver damage, impaired glucose tolerance.

109
Q

Niacin Food Sources

A

Milk, eggs, meat, poultry, fish, whole-grain and enriched breads and cereals, nuts and all protein-containing foods, mushrooms

110
Q

Biotin

A

part of coenzyme used in energy metabolism (TCA cycle), assists in glycogen synthesis, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid metabolism

111
Q

Biotin deficiency and toxicity symptoms

A

deficiencies are rare. Depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numb/tingling sensation in arms and legs, red, scaly rash around eyes, nose and mouth, hair loss. No reported toxicities

112
Q

Biotin Food sources

A

widespread in foods. organ meats, egg yolks and fish. Soybeans and whole grains. Biotin can also be synthesized by intestinal bacteria.

113
Q

Pantothenic Acid

A

involved in energy metabolism, part of coenzyme A

114
Q

Pantothenic Acid Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms

A

Deficiency is rare. Vomiting, nausea, stomach cramps, insomnia, fatigue, depression, irritability, restlessness, apathy, hypoglycemia, increased sensitivity to insulin. No reported toxicities.

115
Q

Pantothenic Acid Food sources

A

widespread in foods, organ meats, mushrooms, avocados, broccoli, whole grains. Can be destroyed by freezing, caning, and refining.

116
Q

Vitamin B6

A

coenzyme forms vitamin B6 pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) and pyridoxamine phosphate PMP are involved in amino and fatty acid metabolism, conversion of tryptophan to niacin or serotonin, production of red blood cells

117
Q

Vitamin B6 Deficiency Symptoms

A

Scaly dermatitis, anemia (small cell type) depression, confusion, abnormal brain wave pattern and convulsions. Alcohol destroys the vitamin. INH drug used for tuberculosis acts as an antagonist.

118
Q

Vitamin B6 Toxicity Symptoms

A

Depression, fatigue, irritability, and headaches. Nerve damage causing numbness and muscle weakness leading to inability to walk. Convulsions, skin lesions

119
Q

Vitamin B6 Food Sources

A

Meats, fish, poultry, liver, legumes, soy products, non-citrus fruits, fortified cereals.

120
Q

Folate

A

folic acid, folacin, pterolyglutamic acid (PGA) involved in synthesis of DNA and formation of new cells. coenzymes THF (tetrahydrofolate) and DHG (dihyrofolate) require vitamin B12 to funciton correctly . Easily destroyed by heat and oxygen

121
Q

Neutral tube defects and folate

A

spina bifida and anencephaly

122
Q

Pregnant women should take folate supplements (True/False)

A

True

123
Q

Folate and Heart Disease

A

high levels of homocysteine and low levels of folate increase risk of heart disease. Folate breaks down homocysteine. Folate may help prevent some cancers while excess may increase risk for some.

124
Q

Folate Deficiency symptoms

A

macrocytic anemia, megaloblastic anemia, large cell type. Smooth red tongue, mental confusion, weakness, fatigue, irritability and headaches.
Most vulnerable of all vitamins to interact with meds (anticancer drug, antacids and aspirin, birth control pills)

125
Q

Folate toxicity

A

Masks vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms

126
Q

Folate food sources

A

fortified grains, leafy green vegetables, legumes, seeds and liver

127
Q

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

A

involved in synthesis of new cells maintains nerve cells, reforms folate coenzymes and helps break down some fatty acids and amino acids. Methylcobalamine and deoxyadenosylcobalamin are the coenzyme forms. Requires intrinsic factor- glycoprotein secreted in stomach, facilitates receptor recognition in ileum.

128
Q

Vitamin B12 Deficiency and Toxicity symptoms

A

anemia, large cell type. fatigue and depression. degeneration of peripheral nerves progressing to paralysis.

129
Q

Atrophic gastritis

A

in older adults destroys stomach cells, which diminishes intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid production (vitamin b12)

130
Q

pernicious anemia

A

vitamin b12 deficiency

131
Q

Vitamin B12 food sources

A

Naturally occurs in animal food only! Meat, fish, poultry and shellfish. Milk, cheese and eggs. Fortified cereals; fortified soy beverages

132
Q

Ascorbic Acid Vitamin C

A

Antiscobutic factor, original name. Cofactor to facilitate action of enzyme and also serves as antioxidant. Easily destroyed by heat and oxygen

133
Q

Vitamin C roles

A

Antioxidant: defends agains free radicals, protects tissues from oxidative stress.
Cofactor in Collagen Formation: collagen used for bones, teeth, scar tissue and artery walls- works with iron to form hydroxiproline which is needed for collagen formation.

134
Q

Other roles for VItamin C

A

As a cofactor in other reactions: fatty acid oxidation, converts tryptophan to neurotransmitters, makes hormones. Vitamin C needs increase during body stress. Vitamin C deactivates histamine with an antihisamine.

135
Q

Vitamin C Deficiency symptoms

A

anemia- small cell type, atherosclerotic plaques and pinpoint hemorrhages, bone fragility and joint pain, poor woud healing and frequent infections, bleeding gums and loosened teeth, muscle degeneration and pain, hysteria, and depression, rough skin and blotchy bruises

136
Q

Scurvy

A

vitamin C deficiency

137
Q

Vitamin C toxicity symptoms

A

nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, headache, fatigue, and insomnia, hot flashes, and rashes, interference with medical tests, creating a false positive or a false negative, aggravation of gout symptoms, urinary tract infections and kidney stones

138
Q

Vitamin C Food source

A

citrus fruits, cantaloupe, strawberries, papayas, and mangoes. Cabbage-type vegetables, dark green vegetables like green peppers and broccoli, lettuce, tomatoes and potatoes.

139
Q

Vitamin A

A

found in body in compounds known as retinoids: retinal, retinal, and retinoic acid. Function roles in vision, healthy epithelial cells and growth.

140
Q

Retinol binding protein (RBP)

A

allows vitamin A to be transported throughout the body.

141
Q

Roles of Vitamin A In vision:

A

helps maintain cornea, conversion of light energy into nerve impulses at retina, rhodopsin is a light sensitive pigment of the retina that contains a protein called opsin plus one molecule of retinal.

142
Q

Roles of Vitamin A in Protein Synthesis and Cell diferentiation

A

differentiation, vitamin a allows cells to perform specific functions. Epithelial cells: protects the integrity of internal mucous membranes

143
Q

Vitamin A in reproduction and growth

A

sperm development in men, normal fetal development in women, growth in children, remodeling of the bone involves osteoclasts, osteoblasts and lysosomes

144
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A

90% stored in liver- would take a year or more to develop a deficiency in the presence of inadequate intake. Infectious diseases, impaired immunity correlates with vitamin A deficiency in children. Night blindness, first detectable sign of vitamin a deficiency. blindness, keratinization

145
Q

hypovitaminosis A

A

vitamin a deficiency disease

146
Q

vitamin a toxicity

A

bone defects, increased activity of osteoclasts causes weakened bones and contributes to osteoporosis and fractures. birth defects, teratogenic risk. not for acne

147
Q

Hypervitaminosis A

A

toxicity disease of vitamin a. chronic toxicity symptoms include liver abnormalities. acute toxicity symptoms: blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, vertigo, headaches, and pressure in skull

148
Q

vitamin a in foods

A

Retinol: fortified milk, cheese, cream, butter, fortified margarine and eggs. Beta carotene: spinach and other dark green leafy veggies, deep orange fruits (cantaloupe) deep orange veggies (carrots). liver rich in vitamin a

149
Q

vitamin D

A

calciferol, a nonessential nutrient that acts like a hormone in the body, body can make vitamin d with help from sunlight. (Ergo: plant & chole=animal). Activation occurs through action of the liver and kidneys

150
Q

Roles of Vitamin D

A

Bone growth: maintenance of blood serum levels of calcium and phosphorus. Immune system, brain and nervous system. Pancreas, skin, muscle, cartilage, and reporductive organs.

151
Q

Vitamin D deficiency factors

A

dark sin, breastfeeding without supplementation, lack of sunlight, use of nonfortified milk

152
Q

Rickets

A

vitamin D deficiency, affects mainly children worldwide. inadequate calcification of bones, growth retardation

153
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Vitamin D deficiency, affects adults, soft flexible brittle and deformed bones, progressive weakness

154
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Vitamin D deficiency, loss of calcium from bones due to inadequate synthesis of vitamin D

155
Q

Vitamin D toxicity

A

sunlight/food not likely to cause toxicity. high does supplements may cause toxicity, elevated blood calcium, calcification of soft tissue, frequent urination

156
Q

hypercalcemia

A

high blood calcium, often associated with vitamin D excess

157
Q

hypervitaminosis D

A

toxicity disease of vitamin D

158
Q

Vitamin D in foods

A

fortified milk, fortified cereals, chocolate mixes, soy beverages, veal, beef, egg yolks, liver, fatty fish and their oils, mushrooms

159
Q

Vitamin D from sun

A

synthesized in body from cholesterol, SPF of 8 and above prevents synthesis of vitamin D from sunlight, obtained from tanning beds depending on type of UV radiation

160
Q

Vitamin E

A

only alpha-tocopherol has vitamin E activity in human beings.

161
Q

Vitamin E antioxidant

A

stops chain reaction of free radicals, protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A, protects oxidation of LDLs

162
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A

inadequate intake is rare

163
Q

Erythrocyte hemolysiss

A

occurs in premature infants- breaking open of RBCs. hemolytic anemia can be treated with vitamin E

164
Q

Vitamin E Deficiency symtoms

A

loss of muscle coordination and reflexes, impaired vision and speech, nerve damage. supplements doesn’t prevent/cure muscular dystrophy. fibrocystic breast disease responds to vitamin E treatment. intermittent claudiication responds to vitamin E treatment

165
Q

Vitamin E toxicity

A

rare, least toxic of fat soluble vitamins, may augment effects of anticlotting medication

166
Q

vitamin e in foods

A

polyunsaturated plant oils (margarine, salad dressing and shortenings) leafy green veggies, wheat germ, whole grains, liver and egg yolks, nuts and seads, easily destroyed by heat and oxygen

167
Q

vitamin K

A

Also known as phylloquinone, menaquinone, menadione, and naphthoquinone
Vitamin K is unique in that half of human needs are met through the action of intestinal bacteria.
Vitamin K is essential in blood clotting
Vitamin K deficiency can cause uncontrolled bleeding.
Deficiencies can occur in newborn infants and people taking antibiotics.

168
Q

Vitamin K roles

A

Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins
Synthesis of bone proteins that regulate blood calcium
Without vitamin K, a hemorrhagic disease may develop.
Hemophilia is a hereditary disorder and is not cured with vitamin K.

169
Q

Vitamin K Deficiency

A

Symptoms include hemorrhaging
Secondary deficiencies may occur with use of antibiotics.
Newborn infants receive a single dose of vitamin K at birth because of a sterile intestinal tract.

170
Q

Vitamin K toxicity

A

Uncommon
No known toxicities
High doses can decrease the effectiveness of anticlotting medications. Need to avoid/limit if on coumadin (warfarin) therapy.

171
Q

Vitamin K sources

A

Liver
Leafy green vegetables and cabbage-type vegetables
Milk

Nutrition (3 decks)

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