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Micronutrients > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin B1 is ___________

A

Thiamin

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2
Q

Vitamin B1 main functions are____________

A

Help convert food into useable energy and assist enymes involved in glucose and amino acid metabolism

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3
Q

Severe ________ deficiency leads to beriberi, a disease that affects multiple organ systems, including the central and peripheral nervous systems.

A

Thiamin (B1)

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4
Q

Thiamin deficiency and decreased thiamin dependent enzyme actvitiy are associated with __________.

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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5
Q

Chronic alcohol consumption is the primary cause of ________ deficiency in indulstrialized countries.

A

Thiamin

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6
Q

Is Thiamin a water-soluble B vitamin or a fat-soluable?

A

Water-soluable

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7
Q

Dry beriberi is associate with ______ deficiency and includes symptoms of neuropathy.

A

Thiamin

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8
Q

Wet beriberi is characterized by what type of symptoms_______

A

Cardiovascular to include rapid heart rate, edema, enlargement of the heart and congestive heart failure.

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9
Q

Wernicke’s encephalopathy and Korsakoff’s psychosis (cerebral beriberi) can be diagnosed in someone with a vitamin _______ deficiency.

A

B1/ Thiamine

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10
Q

A decrease in the activity of ________-dependent enzymes limites the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and the utilization of the citric acid cycle, leading to accumulation of pyruvate and lactate.

A

Thiamin

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11
Q

lactic acidosis is a condition resulting from_______

A

accumulation of lactate

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12
Q

Lactic acidosis is assocaited with nausea, vomiting, and severe abdominal pain in a syndrome described as

A

gastrointestinal beriberi

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13
Q

The metabolic pathways that require Thiamina pyrophosphate (TPP) are:

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Gycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
Branched Amino Acid Catabolic Pathway

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14
Q

An increased requirement for thiamine is needed in what:

A

physical activity, fever, pregnancy, breast-feeding, and adolescent growth.

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15
Q

The risk of ________ deficiency is increased in diuretic treated patients with marginal ________ intake.

A

Thiamine

Thiamine

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16
Q

The RDA for Thiamin in pregnancy and breast-feeding is

A

1.4 mg day

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17
Q

The RDA for Thiamin for Adults, Men and Women respectiviely, are?

A

1.2mg for Men and 1.1 for Women

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18
Q

RDA for Thiamin for childen ages 1 - 3, 4 - 8 and 9 - 13?

A

.5mg
.6mg
.9mg

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19
Q

RDA for Thiamine in adolescents 14 - 18 yrs is?

A

1.2 for boys and 1.0 for girls

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20
Q

Outside of enriched rice, bread, breakfast cereal, and energy bars what are some top food sources for Thiamin:

A

Wheat germ, lean pork, enriched long-grain white rice, green peas, brown rice, lentils

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21
Q

Thiamin drug interactions include:

A

Antivonvulsant medication, 5-fluorouracil, Diuretics, oral contraceptives

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22
Q

________ is a water-soluable vitamin known as?

A

Riboflavin/B2

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23
Q

What are the major functions of vitamin B2

A

Riboflavin’s major functions are to help convert food into usable energy, assist several antioxidant enzymes, as well as assit in redox reactions.

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24
Q

Vitamin B2 is also known as?

A

Riboflavin

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25
Q

Riboflavin deficiency has been associated with increased _______ ______..

A

Oxidative Stress

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26
Q

Riboflavin deficiency can affect multiple pathways in the metabolism of vitamin ___, ____, ____, and _____.

A

B6
Folate
Niacin
Iron

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27
Q

Riboflavin has been linked to __________ in pregnant women.

A

Preeclampsia

A study in 154 pregnant women at increased risk of preeclampsia found that those who were riboflavin deficient were 4.7 times more likely to develop preeclampsia than those who had adequate riboflavin nutritional status (22).

A recent meta-analysis of 51 studies found that the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene C677T polymorphism was associated with preeclampsia in Caucasian and East Asian populations

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28
Q

Along with other B vitamins, higher riboflavin intakes have been associated with decreased plasma ____________ levels.

A

homocysteine

29
Q

In individuals homozygous for the C677T polymorphism in the MTHFR gene you will see an ________ plasma riboflavin levels and ________ plasma homocysteine levels.

A

Increased

Decreased

30
Q

Ribflavin deficiency alters _______ metabolism.

A

Iron

Also mechanism is not clear, research in animals suggest that riboflavin deficiency may impari iron absorption, increase intestinal loss of iron, and/or impair iron utilization for the synthesis of hemoglobin.

In humans, improving riboflavin nutritional status has been found to increase circulating Hb levels.

31
Q

Management of maternal anemia includes the supplementation with iron alone, iron in combination with folic acid and it has been considered that _________ supplemention could enchance the iron-folic acid supplementation.

A

Riboflavin

32
Q

Severe _______ deficiency may result in decreased conversion of vitamin b6 to coenzyme frp, (PLP) and decreased conversion of tryptophan to niacin.

A

Riboflavin

33
Q

Ariboflavinosis, is the name for clincal ______ deficiency.

A

Riboflavin

34
Q

Symptoms of ribflovan defiency include:

A

Sore throat
Cracks or sores on the outside of lips (cheilosis)
at the corners of the mouth (angular stomatitis)
inflammation and redness of the tongue (magenta tongue)
moist scaly skin inflammation (seborrheic dermatitis)

35
Q

The functional biomarker EGRac helps to determine a persons _______ status.

A

Riboflavin

36
Q

Alcoholics, anorexic individuals and someone who does not consume milk or dairy may be at risk for ________ deficiency.

A

Riboflavin

37
Q

The conversion of ________ into FAD and FMN is impaired in hypothyroidism and adrenal insufficiency (3, 4)

A

Riboflavin

38
Q

The RDA for Riboflavin for pregnant and breastfeeding women, respectively?

A

Pregnancy 1.4mg

Breastfeeding 1.6 mg

39
Q

The Riboflavin RDA for women and men?

A 
Women = 1.1mg
Men = 1.3mg
40
Q

The Riboflavin RDA for:

Infants
Children  1 - 3
Children 4 - 8
Children 9 - 13
Adolescent 14 - 18
A 
Infants .3 + .4 (AI)
Children  1 - 3 = .5mg
Children 4 - 8 = .6mg
Children 9 - 13 = .9
Adolescent 14 - 18 = 1.3mg boys + 1.0mg girls
41
Q

Disease prevention in Riboflavin:

A

Cataract prevention
Deacrease CVD risk
Decrease Cancer risk

42
Q

Riboflavin has been shown to help in the treatment of ________ headaches.

A

Migraine

43
Q

Patients with autosomal recessive disorders caused by defective FAD-dependent enzymes could benefit from ________ supplementation.

A

Riboflavin

44
Q

Top food sources of riboflavin are:

A 
1 cup Milk (nonfat) .45mg
1 ounce Almonds .29mg
1 large Egg (cooked, hard boiled) .26mg
1 cup Fortified wheat, puffed cereal .22mg 
1/2 cup boiled Spinach .21mg
3oz roasted dark meat chicken .16mg
45
Q

Most common form of Riboflavin in supplements:

A

riboflavin and riboflavin 5’-monophosphate

most commonly found in multivvatmin and vitamin b-complex

46
Q

Riboflavin nutritional status is diminished in women who take________

A

Taking high-dose oral contraceptives

when investigators controlled for dietary riboflavin intake, no differences between OC users and non-users were found (1)

47
Q

Phenothiazine derivatives like anti-psychotic medication chlorpromazine and tricyclic antidepressants inhibit the incorporation of ________ into FAD and FMN, as do the anti-malarial medication, quinacrine, and the cancer chemotherapy agent, adriamycin

A

Riboflavin

48
Q

Long-term use of the anti-convulsant, phenobarbitol may increase destruction of _______ by liver enzymes, increasing the risk of deficiency (3).

A

Riboflavin

49
Q

______ or vitamin B3 is a water-soluable vitamin used by the body to form the nicotinamide coezyme, NAD+

A

Niacin

50
Q

The amino acid ________ can be converted to niacin inside the body.

A

Tryptophan

51
Q

Over 400 enzymes reqire the ______ coenzymes, NAD and NADP, mainly to accept or donate electrons for redox reactions.

A

Niacin

52
Q

Pharmacologic doses of nicotinic acid, but not nicotinamide, has been known to reduce serum _________.

A

Cholesterol

lipid-lowering effects

53
Q

The late state of severe niacin deficiency is known as_______.

Which may result from inadequate dietary intake of NAD precursors, including tryptophan.

A

Pellagra

54
Q

_______ is often associated with malnutrition, observed in the homeless population, in people suffering from anorexia nervosa or obesity and consumers of diets high in maize and poor in animal protein.

A

Niacin deficiency

Other populations at risk include dialysis patients, cancer patients (36, 37), individuals suffering from chronic alcoholism (38), and people with HIV (see HIV/AIDS below).

55
Q

The symptoms of pellagra are?

Commonly referred to as the three D’s

A
  1. Sun-sensitive dermatitis
  2. Diarrhea
  3. Dementia

If untreated
4. Death

56
Q

NE stands for _______

A

Niacin Equivalent

57
Q

The synthesis of niacin from tryptophan requires what?

A
  1. Riboflavin B2
  2. Pyridoxine B6
  3. Heme-iron containing enzymes
58
Q

Niacin (B3) requirements for children 1- 3, 4 - 8, 9 - 13?

A
  1. 6 me NE
  2. 8 mg NE
  3. 12 mg NE
59
Q

Niacin B3 requirements for Adolescents 14 - 18yrs, adults, boys
girl ?

A

Boy 16 mg NE

Girl 14 mg NE

60
Q

What are good food sources of Niacin, b3?

A

Meat (Turkey 9.9 mg, Chicken 8.9, Tuna 8.6 mg, Salmon 8.5 mg)
Fortified cereal (20 - 27 mg)
Peanuts 4.1mg
Lentils 2.1mg

61
Q

Supplment forms of niacin?

A

Nicotinamide or nicotinic acid.

Nicotinamide is the form of niacin typically used in nutritional supplement and food fortification.

62
Q

_____ _____ is available over the counter and with a prescription as a cholesterol-lowering agent.

A

Nicotinic Acid

63
Q

______ ______ , used to treat hypercholesterolemia (lowers LDL, raises HDL), commonly causes flushing, nausea, salivation, and dizzines, skin rashes.

A

Nicotinic Acid

64
Q

People with abnormal liver function or a history of liver disease, diabetes, active peptic ulcer disease, gout, cardiac arrhythmias, inflammatory bowel disease, migraine headaches, or alcoholism may be more susceptible to the adverse effects of excessive ______ intake than the general population (41).

A

Niacin

65
Q

High doses of _________ can cause nasuea, vomiting, and signs of liver toxicity (elevated liver enzymes, jaundice). (>or = tp 10g day

A

Nicotinamide

66
Q

Tolerable Upper Intake Level for Niacin

Children 1 - 3 
Children 4 - 8 
Childen 9 - 13
Adolescents 14 - 18 
Adults 19 +
A 
Children 1 - 3 = 10 mg 
Children 4 - 8= 15mg 
Childen 9 - 13= 20mg 
Adolescents 14 - 18= 30mg
Adults 19 + = 35mg
67
Q

Estrogen and estrogen-containing oral contraceptives increase the efficiency of ________ synthese from tryptophan, resulting in a decreased dietary requirement for ______.

A

Niacin

68
Q

Co-administration of ______ ______ with a statin seems to enhance the risk of rhabdomyolosis (132).

A

Nicotinic acid

Micronutrients (2 decks)

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