vitamins Flashcards
vitamin E
a tocepherol
a mixture of compounds called tocepherols
The A-tocopherol molecule is the most potent of the tocopherols
major site of storage is adipose tissue
- antioxidant (WORKS WITH VITAMIN C )
- maintains the fluidity of membranes
after absorbtion in small intesting packaged into CM and delivered to tissues via CM
SOURCES;
plant oils - maize wheatgerm
vegetables
animal products are poor in vitamin E
hypo:
fastly age
increase rbc fragility ( as vit e helps prolong the life of rbc)
hyper: has not been yet reporete
vitamin c
scurvy
A
hypo:
night blindness
dry and scaly skin
hyper:
hypercalcemia
toxicity of the liver
Death
D
D3- what the body makes (inactive)
calcitriol (active) - acts as a hormone because it increases calcium levels in the blood by increasing absorption from gUT. regulates calcium and phosphate homeostatis
hypo:
rickets
osteomalacia
sources:
fatty fish like tuna and salmon
works in connection with PTH which increases its activity
binding to a specific the action of calcitriol binding to a specific
intracellular receptor intracellular receptor that is a member of the that is a member of the
nuclear receptor family of hormone receptors nuclear receptor family of hormone receptors
called the vitamin D receptor (VDR).
liver: cholecalciferol is hydroxylated which becomes the major circulating form of vitamin D
kidneys; turned into its biologically active form by another hydroyxlase (bones+placenta)
k
3 different forms
k1- gree veg
k2- bacteria intestinal]k3-synthetic
involves in carboxylation reactions meaning co2 to glutamic
is the only FAT soluable vitamin with a coenzyme function
2 8 9 10-
C AND S - made by the liver
hypo:
Defective blood coagulation;
hyper: hemolytic anemia rare and impairment of liver, jaundice in newborn
thiamine
B1
cofactor form - TPP thymine pyrophosphate
converted to its active form in the brain and liver
functions: oxidative decarboxylation of a ketoacids and transketolase in PPP
HYPO:
beri beri
wet: affects cardiovascular system- fast hr and hsortness of breath
dry: nervous sytem- numbness of hands and feet
Wernicke Syndromes of Wernicke-Korsakov Korsakov – often in alcoholics- encephalpathy
B2
riboflavin
coenzyme form :
NAD
FAD
with or without participation of o2
deficiency: riboflavinosis
secondary pellegra
- inflammation of the toungue(glossitis)
- sore lips
- angular stomatatis (corners of the mouth)
B3
2 forms
nictinic acid or nicotinamide
its not rechinially a true vitamin cos it can be derived froom tryptophan
cofactor forms
NAD
NADP
anaerobic DH
HYPO: pellegra-diarrhoea,dermititis, dementia
niacine has therapeitic effects - lower ldls cholesterol (higjh doeses)
secondary pellagra
deficiency of b2 and b6
b6
3 forms
amine
aldehyde- main
alcohol
all 3 forms are converted into an biologically active form pyridoxal 5 phosphate
80% of the body’s stores are preset in muscle (makes sense cos its a cofactor for glycogen phosphorylase)
sources: chicken , fish pork
hypo: seborrhic dermatitis-roug scaly skin on the scalp, face,dandruff depression and confusion hyepr: neuritis
biotin
b7
H
involved in carboxylase reactions- transfer of co2 to substantce
sources
egg yolk
instensinal bacteria
hypo:
hair loss
dermititis
b9
made up of 3 parts
- p amino benzoic acid
- pteridine ring
- glutamic acid
active form- THF
carries one carbon fragments
recieves from donars such as serine and glycine and transfers them to intermediates in the synthesis of amino acids , DE NOVO SYNTHESI OF PURINES
hyp:
decreased synthsis of DNA and rna due to less
megoblastic anemia (inhibiton of dna synthesis in RBC)
b12
corrin ring bound to a cobalt ion
found in foods of animal origin
2 cofactor forms
DAC - DEOXYADENOSYLCOBALAMI
MB- METHYLCOBALAMIN
deficiency:
pernicious anaemia develops as a result of a lack of intrinsic factor in the stomach so you cant absorb b12
neurological complications due to demyleniation of nerve cells
a build up of methymaolnyl
b5
pantothenic acid
- need it to make coenzyme A
- Its a component of ACP of the FAS
hypo:
neurological EXTREMELY RARE
vitamin c
involved in the post translational modification of collagnen pro- collagen to collagen
strong reducing agent -donar of h2
MAXIMAL AMOUNT IS IN RETINA AND ADRENAL GLAND
assists in the absorbtion of fe 3+ from food
involved in the synthesis of noradrenaline and adrenaline
HYPO:
scurvy- defective collagen formation - aching joints, aching bones , ridgid position
