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Diet and Nutrition > Vitamins! > Flashcards

Vitamins! Flashcards

1
Q

Water soluble Vitamins

A

B and C

Not stored extensively, excreted easily and therefore not very toxic

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2
Q

Fat Soluble Vitamins

A

A, D, E and K

A AND D CAN BE TOXIC IN EXCESS

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3
Q

importance of Thiamin (B1)

A

Forms TTP

Coenzyme in various reactions, importantly Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex

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4
Q

Sources of Thiamin

A

Whole grain, pork, dairy, vegetables- black beans corn

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5
Q

DRV of Thiamin

A

0.5mg/day/1000kcal

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6
Q

Primary presentation of Thiamin Deficiency

A

Infantile beri beri (wet)- sudden cardiovascular symptoms; think soy based soya milks with inappropriate composition (Israel 2003)

Accute wet beriberi- congestive heart failure (enlarged finger tips and doughy legs)

Chronic dry beriberi- nerve damage; weakness, Ataxic gait (uncoordinated movements

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7
Q

What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (presentation of Thiamine deficiency)?

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy- general confusion, vision issues i.e.double vision (opthalmoplegia- muscle paralysis), ataxia, Weakness

Korsakoff psychosis- Loss of short term memory, inability to form new memories

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8
Q

Why might alcoholics be thiamine deficient?

A

inactivation of gut active transporters

inactivation of phosphokinase (the activator of thiamin to TTP)

Cirrhotic livers impairs storage

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9
Q

Importance of Riboflavin(B2)

A

FAD/FMV redox

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10
Q

Sources of Riboflavin

A

Mainly milk, also eggs, broccoli, spinach

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11
Q

Riboflavin deficiency?

A

rare but usually presents alongside protein deficiency or alcoholism.

Presents as angular stomatitias

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12
Q

Importance of Niacin (B3)

A

NAD/NADP Redox (respiration)

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13
Q

Sources of Niacin

A

Some cereals, NOT MAZE

tryptophan containing foods- High protein diets

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14
Q

Niacin deficiency

A

Pellagra- Characterised by the 3 Ds

Dementia
Diarrhoea
Dermatitis

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15
Q

Importance of Pyridoxine (B6)

A

Forms pyridoxal phosphate

metabolism
5-HT and NA production
Heam production

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16
Q

Pyridoxine deficiency

A

Primary is rare

Secondary from certain drugs (isonazid) bind with prydoxine phosphate rendering it unavailable

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17
Q

Therapeutic uses of pyridoxine

A

treatment of seizures.

down syndrome, autism and PMS

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18
Q

Toxicity from pyridoxine?

A

Self medicating women in excess of 500mg daily developed polyneuropathy

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19
Q

Function of folate (B9)?

A

Folate- forms tetrahydrofolate, acts as 1C carrier

PURINE/PYRIMIDINE SYTHESIS

Amino acid metabolism i.e. Coverts homocystein to methionine

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20
Q

DRV of Folate and B12

A

Folate- 50 micrograms daily

B12- 1 microgram daily

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21
Q

Source of B12?

A

Only found in animal tissues

THEREFORE VEGANS WILL BE DEFICIENT- REQUIRE SUPPLEMENTS

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22
Q

Source of Folate?

A

Green vegetables (Spinach!)
liver
Whole grains

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23
Q

Function of B12

A

carrier of methyl groups

Coverts homocystein to methionine

Other conversions… (too complex)

24
Q

What does deficiencies in Folate/ B12 present as?

A

Weakness,
tiredness,
anorexia,
megaloblastosis (very large RBC due to lack of division), Anaemia-

25
What factor is required on the absorption of B12?
Intrinsic factor, excreted by stomach
26
Possible drug interactions that can interfere with B12/ folate
ALCOHOL FOR ALL Folate- barbiturates, Anti-consultants, methotrexate
27
What groups should be encouraged to take folate?
pregnant women - prevents neural tube defects. Infants Individuals with higher haematopoiesis need
28
Sources of pantothenic acid (B5)
A wide range of foods, Eggs, avocados, broccoli
29
Function of pantothenic acid
Component of Co-enzyme A Used by MANY metabolic pathways i.e. fatty acid oxidation
30
Sources of Biotin (B7)
peanuts, chocolate, egg yolks
31
Function of Biotin
Prosthetic group for carboxylations
32
Causes for Deficiency of biotin
Raw eggs--> egg white protein binds to yolk- renders it unavailable Long term antibiotic therapy which results in gut sterilisation
33
Sources of Vitamin C
Citrus fruit! Tomatoes, berries, kiwi
34
Function of Vitamin C
VITAL antioxidant Hydroxylation of proline to lysine reduces dietary Fe in stomach
35
What does vitamin c deficiency present as?
SCURVY! Presents after 3 months of vitamin c free diet Poor wound healing, haemorrhages and anaemia
36
What groups should be encouraged to take vitamin C?
Smokers- require double to amount as turnover higher (80mg daily) Elderly
37
What are the risks of mega dosing Vitamin C?
Possible kidney stone, diarrhoea Pregnant women may give birth to children with higher needs.
38
Sources of retinol vitamin A
Animal liver Fish liver oil Whole milk Egg yolk
39
Sources of Plant carotenoid vitamin A
Green, yellow, orange vegetables and fruit CARROTS AND SWEET POTATOES
40
What are the Active forms of Vitamin A
Retinoic Acid- Hormone Retinal- vision (binds to opsin) Beta Carotene- antioxidant =
41
What is the ratio of carotenoid conversion to retinal
6:1 due to inefficiency
42
Function of Vitamin A
Retinoic Acid - controls protein synthesis--> binds to cytosol receptor then nucleus chromatin Retinal- aids in low light, directly transducing
43
How is vitamin A Transported?
Gut-->liver= chylomicrons as retinol esters Liver-->tissue= Retinol binding protein/ pre-albumin
44
What does vitamin A deficiency present as?
Initially affects retinol binding protein Night blindness--> followed by kertinisation of the cornea and finally keratomalacia
45
Toxicity of Vitamin A
Dermatitis Hair loss MUCOUS MEMBRANE DEFECTS RED GUMS
46
TERATOGENICITY OF VITAMIN A??
Limit to 0.7mg men and 0.6 mg women, no more than 3.3 Liver has 13-40mg per 100g!
47
Sources of Vitamin E
Vegetable oils- Sunflower nuts green vegetable CANNED AND FROZEN FOODS DON'T COUNT
48
Safe level of Vitamin E
3g daily
49
Function for Vitamin E
Prevents oxidation of unsaturated fats (PUFA, preventing disruption to membrane integrity
50
Presentation of Vitamin E deficiency
Very rare, only really seen in low birth weight infants Presents as Haemolytic anaemia from fragility
51
Sources of Vitamin D
D2- plant, fungi and moulds D3- Animals--> dairy products, eggs THE SUN
52
Function of Vitamin D
Maintain correct levels of calcium and phosphate in blood
53
Presentation of Vitamin D deficiency
Children - Rickets Adults- Osteomalacia
54
Toxicity of Vitamin D
Hypercalceamia GI tract disturbances Calcification of soft tissues
55
Sources of Vitamin K
Green Leafy Vegetables Small amounts in Milk Eggs A lot is actually comes from the bacterial flora in the jejunum and ileum THEREFORE, babies can be deficient- sterile guts
56
Presentation of deficiency
MAJOR disruptions in the blood clotting cascades

Diet and Nutrition (2 decks)

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