Vitamins Flashcards
B1 (thiamine) Vitamin role, deficiency, food source
Role: Coenzyme in link reaction (pyruvate to acetyl co-A) Deficiency: Wernicke’s encephalopathy/Korsakoff’s psychosis. Beri-beri (wide range of cardiovascular and neural symptoms) Food source: pork, full grains, fish, vegetables
B2 vitamin role, deficiency, food source
Role: FAD and FMN in redox reactions Deficiency: non-protein diets Food source: milk and poultry
B3 or Nicotinic acid role, deficiency, food source
Role: NAD and NADP in redox Deficiency: pellagra (3 d’s: diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis) Source: proteins, but from triptophan
B6/ Pyroxidine role, deficiency, food source
Role: Transamination and deamination of amino acids Deficiency: convulsions, not very clear. Only secondary deficiency (intake not the problem) Source: most foods
B12 role, deficiency, food source
Role: Amino acid metabolism (methionine from homocystein) using a variant of folate. (Me tetrahydrofolate)
Deficiency: Can lead to folate deficiency (because it is needed to recycle THF to folate). Hyperhomosysteinemia (coronary disease), megaloblastic anaemia.
Food source: animal products
Pantothenic acid (B vitamin) role, deficiency, food source
Role: Component of CoA
Deficiency: not many because it’s everywhere
Food source: everywhere
Biotin role, what could cause deficiency, food source
Role: Prosthetic group for carboxilation Pyruvate to oxaloacetate Acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA
Deficiency: can occur from antibiotic treatements
Food source: everywhere.
Vitamin c role, deficiency and source
Role: Antioxidant, Collagen formation, Reduction of fe
Deficiency: scurvy (gut issues, bad teeth, hemorrhage)
Source: agrumes
Vitamin A role, deficiency, excess and source:
Role: Protein synthesis, aids in vision recovery
Deficiency: night blindness, eye problems
Excess: fracture of bones, dangerous for pregnancy, hair loss, dermatitis.
Source: Orange vegetables (carrots), fish liver oil, milk
Vitamin E function, deficiency and source
Function: Antioxidant in polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipoproteins
Deficiency: sterility/ muscular distrophy
Source: vegetable oils, nuts, vegetables…
Vitamin D role, deficiency and source
Role: Binding to intracellular receptors that interact with DNA Maintain calcium levels in body. (So if you have too much hypercalcemia)
Deficiency: rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults (muscle and bone weakness)
Source: Skin makes with UV,
Vitamin K role, deficiency, source:
Role: Produces prothrombin, clotting
Deficiency: deffective blood clotting.
Source: present un gut flora and human milk.
Classify following into soluble or insoluble ABCDEK
ADEK fat soluble BC water soluble
hazards posed by vitamin A and D
Vitamin A: dangerous for pregnant women, hair loss, dermatitis, fracture of long bones Vitamin D: hypercalcaemia
B12 deficiency:
Megaloblastic anaemia; you need purines and pyrimidines produced by folate to help growth of megaloblasts (erythrocytes and platelets). If you are missing this because of B12 deficiency so lack of folate recycling, you get large unmatured magaloblasts.
hyperhomosysteinemia
Homocystein to methionine pathway, how B12 and folate influence
A variant of tetrahydrofolate (Me THF) can only be recycled to folate when B12 uses it to convernt homocystein to methionine.
Meaning of and value for vit C:
Estimated Average Requirement
Reference nutrient Intake
Lower Reference Nutrient Intake
EAR: 25mg
ENI: 40mg
LRNI: 10mg
What triggers these hormones and what are their consequences?
Leptin
Insulin
Neuropeptide Y
Grehlin
Pro-opiomelacortin related peptide (POMC)
Leptin: caused by full fat stores, inhibits apetite causes satiety
Insulin: caused by full carbohydrate stores, same as above
Neuropeptide Y: neurotransmitter causes hunger
Grehlin: causes hunger
Pro-opiomelacortin: neurotransmitter supresses apetite
