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nutrition final > vitamins > Flashcards

vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin A functions

A

vision (rhodopsin), immunity, growth

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2
Q

Vitamin A sources

A 
preformed = animal products, proformed = red/orange/
yellow plants (tomatoes, sweet potatoes, cantaloupe) & dark green
leafy veggies (spinach)
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3
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A 
eye problems (night blindness, xerosis, xeropthalmia,
Bitot's spots)
#1 nutritional deficiency worldwide
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4
Q

Vitamin A toxicity

A

dry skin, bone pain, hair loss

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5
Q

Vitamin D(calciferol) functions

A

prohormone, calcium & phosphorus absorptio

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6
Q

Vitamin D sources

A

D3 (cholecalciferol) = fortified dairy, fatty fish

Hydroxylated in liver and kidneys to fully activate as calcitriol

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7
Q

Vitamin D Deficiency

A

rickets, autoimmune disease

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8
Q

Vitamin D toxicity

A

hypercalcemia

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9
Q

Vitamin D RDA

A

RDA: <1 = 400 IU/d; 1-70 years = 600 IU/d; >70 = 800 IU/d

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10
Q

Vitamin E (Tocopherol) functions

A

antioxidant in plasma membrane

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11
Q

Vitamin E sources

A

nuts & seeds, vegetable oils, olive oil, peanut butter

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12
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A

hemolytic anemia in infants, peripheral neuropathy

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13
Q

Vitamin E toxicity

A

No known toxicity from foods; supplements may thin the blood

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14
Q

Vitamin K (Phylloquinone & Menaquinone) functions

A

Formation of carboxyglutamates in clotting (fibrinogen
pathway) and bone formation (osteocalcin)
Carboxyglutamates are calcium-binding sites

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15
Q

Vitamin K sources

A

phylloquinone = dark green leafy veggies; menaquinone =

meat, eggs, made by gut bacteria

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16
Q

Vitamin K Deficiency

A

increased blood loss due to lack of clotting
Shots of vitamin K are given to infants at birth to prevent vitamin
K-associated bleeding in the brain

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17
Q

Vitamin K toxicity

A

none

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18
Q

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) functions

A

antioxidant (regenerates vitamin E), required for collagen
synthesis (formation of hydroxyproline & hydroxylysine), nonheme
iron absorption

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19
Q

vitamin C sources

A

citrus fruits, peppers

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20
Q

Vitamin C Deficiency

A

scurvy

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21
Q

Vitamin C Toxicity

A

Diarrhea

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22
Q

Vitamin C RDA

A

Smokers require more than average

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23
Q

Thiamin (B1) Functions

A

coenzyme (thiamin pyrophosphate, TPP or TDP);

noncoenzyme (thiamin triphosphate; TTP) required by nervous system

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24
Q

Thiamin sources

A

enriched grains, meats, legumes

Raw fish contain thiamin-degrading enzymes

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25
Q

Thiamin Deficiency

A 
fatigue, weakness, beriberi, Wernicke's
encephalopathy in alcoholics
Acute beriberi in infants - edema
Wet beriberi in adults - edema
Dry beriberi in older patients - muscle weakness, calf pain,
difficulty walking
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26
Q

Thiamin Toxicity

A

none

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27
Q

Riboflavin (B2) functions

A

coenzyme (FAD & FMN) in Kreb’s & ETC, niacin

synthesis (used by dehydrogenases)

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28
Q

Riboflavin sources

A

milk, enriched grains, organ meats

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29
Q

Riboflavin deficiency

A

Ariboflavinosis = magenta tongue, glossitis, cheilosis,

angular stomatitis

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30
Q

Riboflavin toxicity

A

none

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31
Q

Niacin(B3) functions

A

coenzyme (NAD & NADPH)
NAD = used by dehydrogenases
NADPH = building pathways, lipid & cholesterol synthesis, fatty
acid elongation

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32
Q

Niacin sources

A

meat, fish, enriched grains

Synthesis from tryptophan requires riboflavin, B6 & iron

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33
Q

Niacin deficiency

A

Pellagra (4 D’s: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death)

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34
Q

Niacin toxicity

A

supplements can cause flushing (hot flashes)

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35
Q

Pantothenic Acid (B5)

A

part of Coenzyme A (CoA) & acyl carrier protein (ACP)
Metabolism of carbs, lipids & proteins
Synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, steroid hormones,
hemoglobin, acetylcholine, melatonin

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36
Q

Pantothenic acid sources

A

widespread

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37
Q

Pantothenic acid deficiency

A

not common, Burning Feet Syndrome

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38
Q

Pantothenic acid toxicity

A

none

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39
Q

Biotin (B7) Functions

A

coenzyme for carboxylases

FA synthesis, gluconeogensis

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40
Q

Bitotin sources

A

liver, cooked eggs, soy, non-wheat cereals, meat,
tomatoes
Egg whites contain a biotin-binder called avidin

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41
Q

Biotin deficiency

A

birth defects, alopecia, fatigue

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42
Q

Biotin Toxicity

A

none

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43
Q

Choline Functions

A

cellular integrity as part of phosphatidyl choline

(lecithin), part of lipoproteins & acetylcholine

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44
Q

Choline sources

A

soy, milk, eggs, peanuts

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45
Q

Choline deficiency

A

liver & muscle damage, neural tube defects

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46
Q

Choline toxicty

A

decreased growth, fishy body odor, excessive sweating & salivation

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47
Q

pyridoxine (B6) functions

A

coenzyme (pyridoxal phosphate, PLP) for amino acid

metabolism, synthesis of: niacin, collagen, carnitine, heme, sphingomyelin

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48
Q

pyridoxine sources

A

meats, enriched grains

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49
Q

pyridoxine deficiency

A

peripheral neuropathy, microcytic hypochromic anemia

because it’s required for heme synthesis

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50
Q

pyridoxine toxicity

A

peripheral neuropathy

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51
Q

folate (B9) functions

A 
methylation reactions (1 carbon metabolism) in DNA
synthesis and cell replication
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52
Q

folate sources

A

dark green leafy veggies (spinach, kale), legumes (beans);
folic acid is synthetic form in supplements and fortified food
Digestion of folate requires zinc-dependent conjugase enzyme in
the SI

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53
Q

folate deficiency

A

neural tube defects, megaloblastic macrocytic anemia

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54
Q

folate toxicity

A

folic acid supplements can mask a B12 deficiency causing

permanent nerve damage

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55
Q

Cobalamin (B12) functions

A

coenzyme
Methylcobalamin = formation of S-adenosylmethionine required
for myelination
Adenosylcobalamin = amino acid metabolism

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56
Q

Cobalamin sources

A

meats
B12 requires intrinsic factor secreted from gastric parietal cells to
be absorbed

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57
Q

cobalamin deficiency

A

megaloblastic macrocytic anemia, peripheral

neuropathy

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58
Q

cobalamin toxicity

A

none

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59
Q

General mineral functions

A 
Bone
Cell signaling
Fluid balance/osmotic pressure
Metabolic processing of macronutrients
Oxygen transport
60
Q

General mineral digestion

A

dissolution in liquid frees ionic mineral from salt form it is consumed in

61
Q

General mineral absorption

A

influenced by food & body’s need
Increase absorption = acidic environment, some proteins or
sugars
Decrease absorption = consuming with binders like oxalate
(beans & greens, nuts, berries), phytate (whole grains, legumes,
seeds) & tannins (tea, coffee, wine, red berries, red beans)

62
Q

general mineral transport and tissue uptake

A

Transport: bound to plasma proteins or specific transport proteins
Tissue uptake: controlled by hormones

63
Q

mineral forms found free in the body

A

Free ions in body fluids (electrolytes)
Bound to other minerals as salts (hydroxyapatite)
Bound to organic compounds like proteins (hemoglobin)

64
Q

major minerals

A 
Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
Magnesium
Chloride
65
Q

trace minerals

A 
Iron
Copper
Zinc
Iodine
Selenium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Fluoride
66
Q

calcium functions

A

Bone & cell signaling (stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum,

released for clotting and muscle contraction

67
Q

calcium RDA

A

4-8yrs = 1000 mg/d; 9-18yrs = 1300 mg/d; 19-50yrs = 1000

mg/d; >50yrs = 1200 mg/d

68
Q

Calcium sources

A

dairy, non-dairy milks, low-oxalate greens (kale,

broccoli)

69
Q

calcium deficiency

A

hypocalcemia, tetany, osteoporosis

70
Q

calcium toxicity

A

hypercalcemia, calcification of soft tissues, hallucinogens,
constipation (watch for parathyroid tumors in older patients)
Decreased absorption of iron, magnesium, phosphorus & zinc

71
Q

phosphorus functions

A

bone, phosphate in ATP, cAMP, phospholipids, DNA &

RNA, buffer

72
Q

phosphorus sources

A

animal products, dairy, eggs

73
Q

phosphorus deficiency

A

hypophosphatemia, bone loss in those consuming large

amounts of aluminum-containing antacids

74
Q

phosphorus toxicity

A

hyperphosphatemia, bone resorption when Ca:P ratio is <1
for significant amount of time (leading to nutritional secondary
hyperparathyroidism)

75
Q

Magnesium functions

A

bone, muscle relaxation (calcium-channel blocker),

cofactor for 300 enzymes using ATP (stabilizes ATP)

76
Q

magnesium sources

A

nuts, seeds, legumes, seafood

77
Q

magnesium deficiency

A

hypomagnesemia, muscle weakness, cramps,

headache

78
Q

magnesium toxicity

A

no toxicity from foods, supplements & meds cause slurred speech & diarrhea

79
Q

Sodium functions

A 
water balance (major cation in extracellular fluid),
muscle action (Na+/K+ pumps), nutrient absorption
80
Q

sodium sources

A

table salt, cured meats, canned soups

81
Q

sodium deficiency

A

hyponatremia, muscle cramps, seizures

Can be caused by head trauma

82
Q

sodium toxicity

A

hypernatremia, hypertension, edema, excessive calcium

excretion (causing hyponatremia)

83
Q

potassium functions

A 
water balance (major cation in intracellular fluid),
muscle action (Na+/K+ pumps), insulin release from beta cells,
blood pressure
84
Q

potassium sources

A

sweet potatoes, banana, avocado, dairy

85
Q

potassium deficiency

A

hypokalemia, arrhythmia, muscle weakness

86
Q

potassium toxicity

A

hyperkalemia, arrhythmia

87
Q

chloride functions

A 
water balance (major anion in extracellular fluid), HCl
in digestion, chloride shift in RBC during respiration
88
Q

chloride sources

A

table salt, cured meats, canned soups

89
Q

chloride deficiency

A

metabolic alkalosis

90
Q

chloride toxicity

A

none

91
Q

iron functions

A

oxygen transport, cofactor for enzymes (catalase), part

of cytochromes

92
Q

iron sources

A

heme = red meat; nonheme = plants & supplements ->

require vitamin C

93
Q

iron RDA

A

males & postmenopausal females = 8 mg/d; females of

childbearing age = 18 mg/d

94
Q

iron deficiency

A 
iron deficiency with or without anemia (called microcytic
hypochromic anemia), fatigue, pallor
#1 nutritional deficiency in U.S.
95
Q

iron toxicity

A

fatal in large quantities, nausea, vomiting,

Hemochromatosis - genetic condition of excess iron

96
Q

ferritin location and function

A

SI, liver, sleen, bone marrow…iron stores

97
Q

ferroportin location and function

A

SI..transports iron across the basolateral membrane, reuires copper

98
Q

transferrin location and function

A

plasma..transports iron in plasma

99
Q

zinc functions

A

cofactor for growth processes, protein metabolism,
immune system, taste, cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD1 &
SOD3)

100
Q

zinc sources

A

oysters, meat, legumes (contain phytate)

101
Q

zinc deficiency

A

stunted growth, impaired taste, poor wound healing,
decreased immune function
Acrodermatitis enteropathica

102
Q

zinc toxicity

A

decreased copper absorption

103
Q

copper functions

A

part of ceruloplasmin (transport iron out of enterocyte),

cofactor for SOD1 & SOD3, part of cytochrome c oxidase

104
Q

copper sources

A

oysters, cocoa

105
Q

copper deficiency

A

Menkes’ disease

106
Q

copper toxicity

A

Wilson’s disease, Kayser-Fleisher rings, liver damage

107
Q

iodine functions

A

thyroid hormones (T3 & T4)

108
Q

iodine sources

A

seafood, iodized salt

Salt in processed food is NOT iodized

109
Q

iodine deficiency

A

goiter, cretinism, mental impairment, hypo- or
hyperthyroidism
#1 cause of preventable brain damage in the world

110
Q

iodine toxicity

A

iodine-excess goiter, autoimmune thyroiditis,

hypothyroidism, elevated TSH

111
Q

selenium functions

A

cofactor for glutathione peroxidase, conversion of T4 to

T3, part of selenoproteins

112
Q

selenium sources

A

Brazil nuts, anything from the ground

113
Q

selenium deficiency

A

oxidative stress in thyroid gland
Keshan disease - cardiomyopathy
Kashin-Bek disease - joint deformity

114
Q

selenium toxicity

A

hair loss, joint pain

115
Q

manganese functions

A

cofactor (may be used instead of magensium by some

enzymes) for bone & carb metabolism

116
Q

manganese sources

A

plants

117
Q

manganese deficiency

A

impaired growth

118
Q

manganese toxicity

A

inhalation toxicity in miners causing seizures & memory

loss

119
Q

chromium functions

A

insulin release & action (part of glucose tolerance factor)

120
Q

chromium sources

A

brewers yeast, grains

121
Q

chromium deficiency

A

impaired blood sugar regulation

122
Q

chromium toxicity

A

supplements may damage kidneys, liver, & nerves

123
Q

molybdenum functions

A

cofactor for many enzymes, including xanthine oxidase

involved with purine metabolism during & reperfusion injury

124
Q

molybdenum sources

A

organ meats, diary, grains

125
Q

molybdenum deficiency

A

unlikely

126
Q

molybdenum toxicity

A

gout in supplement-takers

127
Q

flouride functions

A

bone and teeth

128
Q

flouride sources

A

flouridated water, toothpaste, and tea

129
Q

flouride deficiency

A

dental carries

130
Q

flouride toxicity

A

bone pitting, flourosis

131
Q

when something is low on a food label

A

5% or less

132
Q

when something is high on a food label

A

20% or more

133
Q

calculate calories from fat

A

(total fatx9Cal/g)/total calories* 100

134
Q

calculate calories from protein or carbs

A

(total fat or carbsx4Cal/g)/total calories*100

135
Q

what is RDA

A

Nutrient amount required to meet the needs of 97% of the population

136
Q

what is AI

A

Nutrient recommendations when insufficient evidence to calculate EAR or RDA

137
Q

what is EAR

A

Amount of a nutrient required to meet the needs of 50% of the population

138
Q

what is TUL

A

Highest nutrient level unlikely to cause adverse effects

139
Q

typicl portion size of meat, fruits, and veggies?

A

meat=3 ounces, fruits=1 medium size, veggies=1cup

140
Q

carbs in the absorptive/fed state

A

Blood glucose increased
 Used for energy production in liver, brain,
muscle & adipose
 Stored in liver & muscle as glycogen
 Used in lipogenesis in liver & adipose

141
Q

fat in the absorptive/fed state

A

Transported in the lymph system by chylomicrons eventually to liver
 VLDL (mostly triglycerides) made in liver deposit FA in muscle & adipose by activating lipoprotein lipase

142
Q

protein in the absorptive/fed state

A

 Plasma proteins (albumin, prealbumin, Ig,
etc.) synthesized in liver
 Branched chain AA used primarily in
muscles

143
Q

carbs in the post absorptive/fasted state

A

Liver glycogen degraded to maintain blood

glucose

144
Q

protein in the post absorptive/fasted state

A

 Leucine metabolized in muscle to produce
alanine
 Alanine is released from muscle and used
as a substrate for gluconeogenesis in the
liver

145
Q

fat in the post absorptive/fasted state

A

Triglycerides are released from adipose by adipose triglyceride lipase, hormone sensitive lipase &
monoglyceride lipase
 Beta-oxidation increases in muscle and the liver
 Ketone production increases

nutrition final (1 decks)

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