Vitamins

Question 1

Vitamin

Answer 1

An organic compound essential for proper functioning of the body

Question 2

*Vitamins must be obtained from dietary sources because..

Answer 2

human body can’t synthesize them in needed amounts Needed in micro and milligram quantities
– Enough vitamin can be obtained from balanced diet – Supplemental vitamins may be needed after illness

Question 3

Many enzymes contain vitamins as part of their structures -

Answer 3

conjugated enzymes

Question 4

Two classes of vitamins

Answer 4

Water Soluble and Fat Soluble

Question 5

of known vitamins

Answer 5

13

Question 6

*The water soluble vitamins

Answer 6

Vitamin C, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Biotin, Vitamin B12, Folate

Question 7

*Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 7

Vitamins : A, K, E, and D

Question 8

*Water soluble vitamins (explain):
absorption
transport
storage
excretion
toxicity
dosage frequency
relationship to coenzymes

Answer 8

absorption-directly into the blood
transport-travel without carriers
storage-circulate in the water filled parts of the body
excretion-kidneys remove excess in urine
toxicity-not likely to reach toxic levels when taken via supplements
dosage frequency-needed in frequent doses
relationship to coenzymes-function as coenzymes*

Question 9

*Fat soluble vitamins (explain)
absorption
transport
storage
excretion
toxicity
dosage frequency
relationship to coenzymes

Answer 9

absorption-first enter into the lymph system
transport-many require protein carriers
storage-found in the cells associated with fat
excretion-tend to remain in fat-storage sites
toxicity-likely to reach toxic levels when consumed from supplements
dosage frequency-needed in periodic doses
relationship to coenzymes- do not function as coenzymes

Question 10

Vitamin C – Ascorbic Acid

Answer 10

Humans, monkeys, apes and guinea pigs need vitamin C
• Co-substrate in the formation of structural protein collagen
• Involved in metabolism of certain amino acids
• 100 mg/day saturates all body tissues - Excess vitamin is excreted

Question 11

The preferred and alternative names for the B vitamins(8)

Answer 11

– Thiamin (vitamin B1)
– Riboflavin (vitamin B2)
– Niacin (nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, vitamin B3)
– Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine) – Folate (folic acid)
– Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
– Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)
– Biotin

Question 12

B vitamin functions

Answer 12

Serve as temporary carriers of atoms or functional groups in redox and group transfer reactions associated with metabolism

Question 13

Vitamins A, D, E, K involved in..

Answer 13

plasma membrane processes
• More hydrocarbon like with fewer functional groups
• Vitamin A – Retinoid Derivatives
– Has role in vision - only 1/1000 of vitamin A is in retina
– 3 Forms of vitamin A are active in the body – Derived from beta-carotene

Question 14

Functions of Vitamin A (4)

Answer 14

vision, Regulating Cell Differentiation, Maintenance of the healthy of epithelial tissues via epithelial tissue differentiation, Reproduction and Growth

Question 15

Vitamin A (vision)

Answer 15

In the eye- vitamin A combines with opsin protein to form the visual pigment rhodopsin (GPCR) which further converts light energy into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain.

Question 16

Vitamin A (Regulating Cell Differentiation)

Answer 16

A process in which immature cells change to specialized cells with function.
– Examples: Differentiation of bone marrow cells white blood cells and red blood cells.

Question 17

true or false : Lack of vitamin A causes skin surface to become drier and harder than normal

Answer 17

true

Question 18

Vitamin A (Reproduction and Growth)

Answer 18

In men, vitamin A participates in sperm development. In women, normal fetal development during pregnancy requires vitamin A

Question 19

two forms of vitamin D in the body

Answer 19

Vitamin D2 and D3

Question 20

Sunshine Vitamin:

Answer 20

Synthesized by UV light from sun
• It controls correct ratio of Ca2+ and PO32- for bone mineralization (hardening)
• As a hormone it promotes Ca2+ and PO32- absorption in intestine

Question 21

Four forms of Vitamin E:

Answer 21

a-, b -,g-and d-VitaminE

Question 22

____________ is the most active biological active

form of Vitamin E

Answer 22

Alpha-tocopherol

Question 23

sources of vitamin E

Answer 23

Peanut oils, green and leafy vegetables and whole grain products

Question 24

Primary function of vitamin E

Answer 24

Antioxidant–protectsagainst oxidation of other compounds

Question 25

*essential vitamin-

Answer 25

obtained only through diet

Question 26

nonessential vitamin-

Answer 26

not obtained through diet- sunlight,

Question 27

*chromosome

Answer 27

an individual DNA molecule bound to a group of proteins