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Vitamins > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin A Function

A 
vision
maintenance of cornea
epithelial cells
mucous membranes
skin
bone and tooth growth
regulation of gene expression
reproduction
immunity
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2
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A

night blindness, corneal drying (xerosis), and blindness, impaired bone growth and easily decayed teeth; keratin lumps on the skin; impaired immunity

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3
Q

Vitamin A Toxicity

A

Acute: nausea, vomiting, headache, vertigo, blurred vision, uncoordinated muscles, increased pressure inside the skull, birth defects, liver abnormalities, bone abnormalities, brain and nerve disorders

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4
Q

Beta-carotene toxicity

A

harmless yellowing of skin

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5
Q

pre-cursor of vitamin D made in the ___ , the rest is formed in ___

A

skin, liver/kidneys

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6
Q

is vitamin D essential?

A

no

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7
Q

Functions of Vitamin D

A

mineralizing of bones and teeth (raise blood-calcium and phosphorous by increasing absorption from digestive tract, withdrawing calcium from bones, stimulating retention by kidneys)

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8
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

Rickets (bowed legs, beaded ribs)

Osteomalacia (softened bones)

Osteoporosis

malformed teeth, muscle spasms

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9
Q

Vitamin D Toxicity

A

elevated blood-calcium levels,

calcification of soft tissues (blood vessels, kidneys, heart, lungs, tissues of joints), excessive thirst, headache, nausea, weakness

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10
Q

Vitamin D - food sources

A

fatty fish (salmon, mackerel)

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11
Q

Vitamin E functions

A

antioxidant (protects cell membranes, regulates oxidation reactions, protects polyunsaturated fatty acids)

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12
Q

Vitamin E Deficiency

A

red blood cell breakage, nerve damage, anemia in infants,

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13
Q

Vitamin E Toxicity

A

Augments the effects of anti-clotting medication

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14
Q

Vitamin E - Food sources

A

safflower oil

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15
Q

Vitamin K FUnctions

A

synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins

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16
Q

Vitamin K Deficiency

A

seen in infants

hemorrhage, abnormal bone formation,

chronic antibiotic users (antibiotics kill bacteria in the gut - can cause deficiency)

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17
Q

Vitamin K Toxicity

A

opposes the effects of anti-clotting medication

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18
Q

Vitamin K Food sources

A

cabbage

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19
Q

gold standard for Vitamin E activity and what DRI’s are based off of

A

alpha-tocopherol

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20
Q

warfarin and vitamin K

A

interferes with the body’s ability to make vitamin K which interfere with protein creation

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21
Q

can vitamin K be made in the body?

A

yes, by the intestinal bacteria

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22
Q

toxic dose of synthetic Vit K

A

causes jaundice

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23
Q

at what speed are water soluble vitamins absorbed and excreted

A

fast

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24
Q

can water soluble vitamins be toxic?

A

no

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25
Q

how to water soluble vitamins fare during cooking

A

easily destroyed or lost

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26
Q

Vitamin C deficiency associated with

A

scurvy

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27
Q

Vitamin C functions

A

Cofactor for enzymes (involved in formation and maintenance of collagen depend on Vitamin C for their activity)

Antioxidant (body recycles Vit C for reuse)

cannot cure the common cold, useless against heart disease, cancer and other disease. only needed if you are treating a deficiency

restores vitamin E to active form

supports immune system

boosts iron absorption

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28
Q

S/Sx of scurvy

A

loss of appetite, growth cessation, tenderness, weakness, bleeding gums, loose teeth, swollen ankles/wrists, pinpoint hemorrhages, anemia (citrus fruits help absorb iron), poor healing, infections,

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29
Q

who is at risk for scurvy

A

smokers, alcoholics, elderly, infants fed only cow’s milk

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30
Q

Vitamin C- Toxicity

A

glucose intolerance, counteracts anti-clotting meds, kidney stones in susceptible individuals, iron overload, digestive upsets, nausea, cramps, diarrhea, rashes,

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31
Q

Vitamin C foodsources

A

OJ,

best to eat fresh, raw, quickly cooked fruits and vegetables

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32
Q

B Vitamins working together

A

function as part of coenzymes,

help the body use energy-yielding nutrients for energy; help metabolize carbohydrate,
fat and protein,

helps cell multiply

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33
Q

B Vitamins deficiencies

A

every cell is affected, rarely isolated deficiencies,

nausea, exhaustion, irritable, depression, weight loss, pain in muscles, heart problems, impaired immune response, skin problems, swollen tongue, teary blood shot eyes, angular stomatitis

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34
Q

Thiamin (B Vitamin) roles

A

part of coenzyme active in energy metabolism, nerve cell function,

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35
Q

thiamin deficiency

A

beriberi (polished rice; wet/dry beriberi)

alcohol abuse can cause deficiency

enlarged heart, heart failure, muscular weakness, pain, apathy, poor short term memory, confusion, irritable, difficulty walking, paralysis, anorexia, weight loss

36
Q

thiamin toxicity

A

none reported

37
Q

thiamin food sources

A

enriched pasta,

38
Q

Riboflavin (B Vitamin) functions

A

energy metabolisms

39
Q

riboflavin deficiency

A

cracks and redness at corners of mouth, painful, smooth purplish red tongue, sore throat, inflamed eyes/eyelids, sensitivity to light, skin rashes

40
Q

riboflavin foodsources

A

enriched breads/cereals

easily destroyed by light

41
Q

riboflavin toxicity

A

none reported

42
Q

Niacin (B Vitamin) functions

A

energy metabolisms

43
Q

Niacin deficiency

A

Pellagra, flaky skin rash, mental depression, apathy, fatigue, loss of memory, headache, diarrhea, stomach pain, vomiting

44
Q

4 D’s of pellagra

A

diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death

45
Q

Niacin TOxicity

A

improves blood lipids, but causes niacin flush side effect, hives/rash, excessive sweating, blurred vision, liver damage, impaired glucose tolerance

46
Q

niacin food sources

A

protein

47
Q

Folate (B Vitamin) role

A

helps to synthesize DNA for new cell synthesis

metabolisms of vit B12

48
Q

Folate deficiency

A

anemia, diminished immunity, digestive problems, birth defects (neural tube defects), increased risk of certain cancers, most likely to interact with medications, weakness, fatigue, irritable, headache, mental confusion, depression, smooth/red tongue

49
Q

folate toxicity

A

can mask a Vit B12 deficiency

50
Q

folate food sources

A

leafy green veggies

51
Q

Vitamin B12 functions

A

related to folate; each depends on the other for activation

maintain sheath around nerve fibers

52
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency

A

nerve damage/paralysis, anemia that mimics folate deficiency (pernicious anemia - due to not enough intrinsic factor)
fatigue, memory loss, disorientation,

53
Q

Vitamin B12 foodsources

A

sirloin steak

54
Q

Vitamin B12 toxicity

A

none reported

55
Q

Vitamin B6 roles

A

participates in 100+ reactions

amino acid metabolism

  • conversion of tryptophan to niacin
  • synthesis of hemoglobin and serotonin
  • assists in releasing glucose from glycogen
  • immune function and steroid hormone activity
  • critical to fetal neural development
56
Q

Vitamin B6 deficiency

A

greasy flaky dermatitis, anemia, depression/confusion, convulsions
abnormal brain was
convulsions

57
Q

Vitamin B6 Toxicity

A

numbness in feet, loss of sensation hands, unable to walk, depression, fatigue, impaired memory, irritable, headaches, skin lesions,

58
Q

Vitamin B6 food sources

A

beef liver,

59
Q

Calcium Functions

A

Mineralization of bones and teeth

muscle contraction and relaxation

nerve functioning

blood clotting

60
Q

calcium deficiencies

A

stunted growth and weak bones in children; bone loss (osteoporosis) in adults

61
Q

Calcium toxicity

A

elevated blood calcium
constipation
interferes with absorption of other minerals

increase risk of kidney stone formation

62
Q

Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Sodium

A

2300 mg

63
Q

sodium function

A

maintains volume of fluid outside of cells

maintain acid-base balance

essential to muscle contraction and nerve transmission

64
Q

Deficiency sodium

A

hyponatremia

65
Q

sodium toxicity

A

high blood pressure, hypertension, heart disease, stroke

damaged lining of blood vessels

66
Q

Potassium Functions

A

fluid and electrolyte balance,

cell integrity

nerve impulse transmission

muscle (heart) contraction

67
Q

Potassium Deficiency

A

muscle weakness, paralysis, confusion

accompanies dehydration

68
Q

Potassium Toxicity

A

muscle weakness

vomiting

for an infant given supplements or injected into an adult vein: Potassium can stop the heart

69
Q

Potassium food sources

A

Banana

70
Q

iodine functions

A

part of hormone, thyroxine

71
Q

iodine deficiency

A

simple goiter

cretinisms

72
Q

iodine toxicity

A

goiter

73
Q

food sources

A

seafood, table salt

74
Q

increase iron absorption

A

heme form of iron, vitamin C, MFP factor

75
Q

hinder iron absorption

A 
non-heme form of iron
tea/coffee (tannins)
calcium/phosphorous
phitates
fiber
76
Q

iron deficiency

A 
iron-deficiency anemia
Mental symptoms (fatigue, annoyed, frustrated)
Pica (craving chalk, clay, soil, etc)
77
Q

DRI for Iron for females under age 50

A

18 mg/day

78
Q

iron functions

A

carries oxygen, cellular metabolisms

79
Q

iron deficiency

A

anemia, weakness, fatigue, headaches, impaired immunity, impaired mental and physical work performance, pale skin, nail beds, mucous membranes; concave nails; chills; pica

80
Q

iron toxicity

A

GI distress with chronic iron overload, infections, fatigue, joint pain, skin pigmentation, organ damage

81
Q

Iron food sources

A

Clams

82
Q

zinc functions

A

activates many enzymes; associated with hormones; synthesis of genetic material and proteins, transport of vitamin A, taste perception, wound healing, reproduction

83
Q

zinc deficiency

A

growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, impaired immune function, hair loss, eye and skin lesions, loss of appetite

84
Q

zinc toxicity

A

loss of appetite, impaired immunity, reduced copper and iron absorption, low HDL cholesterol

85
Q

zinc food sources

A

oysters, beef steak, yogurt

Vitamins (1 decks)

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