Vitamins

Question 1

Water Soluble Vitamins

Answer 1

B and C

Question 2

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Answer 2

A, D, E, K

Question 3

Thiamin (B)

Answer 3

-first to be discovered, sometimes called vitamin B1
-coenzyme needed for the breakdown of glucose …glucose is the energy source for nerve cells
-synthesizes neurotransmitters, ribose and deoxyribose=DNA sugars
- No UL
ex) found in the bran of brown rice and whole grains
abundant in pork, legumes, and seeds

Question 4

Thiamin Deficiency Results in

Answer 4

Beriberi

Affects nervous and cardiovascular systems (rapid heartbeat and enlargement of heart)

Question 5

Thiamin Deficiency in Alcoholics

Answer 5

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

-due to decreased thiamin absorption due to alcohols effect on the GI tract

Question 6

Riboflavin (B)

Answer 6

• visible indication of excess consumption with bright yellow urine (harmless)
• Forms 2 active coenzymes that serve as electron carriers
• function in reactions that produce ATP from carbs, fat, and protein
• involved in converting other vitamins such as (folate, niacin, vitamin b6, vitamin k) into their active forms

Question 7

Best Source of Riboflavin

Answer 7

Milk

Question 8

Riboflavin Deficiencies cause

Answer 8

Poor healing of injuries b/c new cells cannot grow to replace the damaged ones
(tissues most affected= eyes mouth tongue)

-occurs in conjunction with other B vitamin defiencies b/c riboflavin is needed to convert other vitamins into active form

Question 9

Niacin (B)

Answer 9

• forms coenzymes essential for glucose metabolism
• synthesis of Fatty acids and cholestrol
• CAN BE SYNTHESIZED FROM ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID TRYPTOPHAN..only if enough is available to first meet the needs of protein synthesis

Question 10

Niacin Deficiency

Answer 10

Pellagra 
***3 Ds for symptoms:
1) Dermatitis 
2) Diarrhea
3) Dementia 
if not treated, Death

• need for niacin is very widespread in metabolise so a deficiency causes major changes throughout the body
• used to be prevalent b/c local diet in south was mainly based on corn (low in tryptophan, niacin was not easily absorbed due to bounding of other molecules)

Question 11

Good sources of Niacin

Answer 11

Meats and grains

Question 12

RDA of niacin is expressed as

Answer 12

Niacin Equivalents (NEs) aka one NE=1 mg of niacin or 60 mg of tryptophan 
..since trytophan can synthesize niacin..

Question 13

Biotin (B)

Answer 13

• coenzyme that functions in energy metabolism and glucose synthesis
• Cooked eggs, liver, yogurt, and nuts
• Fruit and meat are poor sources
• Bacteria in GT tract synthesize biotin
• deficiency is uncommon but is observed in people with malabsorption and those taking certain medications for long periods

Question 14

Pantothenic Acid (B)

Answer 14

Widely distributed in foods

• needed everywhere in the body
• part of coenzyme A (CoA) which is needed for the breakdown of carbs, FAs, and AAs.
• No UL

Question 15

Vitamin B6

Answer 15

-needed to synthesize nonessential amino acids, make neurotransmitters, and synthesize hemoglobin, CONVERTS TRYPTOPHAN INTO NIACIN, breaks down glycogen into glucose into the blood

3 forms: pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine
***these can be converted into the active coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate

ex) meat and fish, whole grains, and legumes

Question 16

Pyridoxal Phosphate

Answer 16

the active coenzyme of vitamin B6

needed for the activity for more than 100 enzymes in the metabolism of protein, carbs, and fat

Question 17

Vitamin B6 deficiency leads to poor growth, decreased immune function, anemia

Answer 17

Needed for amino acid metabolism

-take B6 supplements to reduce the symptoms of PMS, treat carpel tunnel syndrome, and strength immune function

Question 18

Vitamin B6 is destroyed by

Answer 18

Heat and light, easily lost during processing

Question 19

Folate (Folic Acid) (B)

Answer 19

important during pregnancy for the development of the embryo*
low folate intake increases the risk of birth defects called NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS- errors that occur during prenatal development

Question 20

Neural Tube

Answer 20

Develops into the brain and spinal cord, occurs very early in pregnancy

Question 21

Folic acif dorm

Answer 21

is added to enriched grains and other fortified products and has twice the bioavaliabilty of folate naturally found

Question 22

RDA for folate

Answer 22

is expressed as dietary folate equivalents (DFEs)