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Biochem > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Basic Vitamin B and Fe Deficiency

A

Diarrhea, Dermatitis, and Glossitis. (Cheilosis) type of dermatitis

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2
Q

Vit A (Retinol) Function

A

Stored in Liver, and found in Leafy vegetables

Antioxidant

Constituent of Visual Pigments (retina)

Essential for normal differentiation of epithelial cells into specialized Cells (Pancreatic, mucus secreting cells)

Prevents Squamous Metaplasia

Treats: Measles, AML Subtype M3

Vision, Growth, Repro of epithelial

Topical: Acne Vulgaris and Psoriasis

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3
Q

Vitamin A Deficiency

A

Often Seen in Alcoholics

Night Blindess (Nyctalopia)

Dry Scaly Skin (Xerosis Cutis)

Xeropthalmia (Dry Eyes)/Corneal Ulcer

Alopecia

Corneal Degeneration (Keratomalacia)

Immune Suppresion

Bitot’s Spots –> Dry Gray spots on conjunctiva

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4
Q

Vitamin A Overdose

A

Headache, Nausea, Vomiting, Stupor

Arthralgias,

Skin Changes: Scaliness (itchy)

Alopecia

Cerebral Edema

Pseudotumor Cerebri (Increase ICP)

Osteoperosis & Hypercalcemia

Increase Lung Ca in smokers

Liver: Cirrhrotic and enlarged

Teratogenic: Effects Neural Crest Migration
Cleft Palate, Cardiac abnormalities

Stored in liver via Stellate cells (perisinusoidal space)

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5
Q

Vitamin A therapies

A

Meales
AML Subype M3

Topical: Acne Vulgaris, Psoriasis

Isotretinoin = Accutane

Retinol = Vit A.

Retin-A Tx Acne and Wrinkles

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6
Q

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Deficiency

A

ATP Depletion (impaired Glucose breakdown

Worsened With Glucose Infusion. (Drives Free Thiamine intracellularly –> nerve dmg)

Highly Aerobic Tissues Effected First (Heart and Brain)

Seen in Malnutrition and ETOH)

Dx: by increase RBC transketolase activity with thiamine infusion

Wernicke-Korsakoff - Triad: Confusion, Opthalmoplegia, Ataxia
Also, Confabulation, personality change, permanent memory loss.
Damages Medial Dorsal nucelus of thalamus and mamillary bodies

Dry Beri Beri: Polyneuritis, Symmetrical muscle wasting
From nonsepcific neuropathy via myelin degenration (toe, wrist, foot drop), Areflexia
Rice is major diet

Wet Beri Beri: HighOut Put Cardiac Failure (dilated cardiomyopathy (S3 sound), edema) Peripheral Vasodilation

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7
Q

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Function

A

TPP (Thiamine Pyrophosphate) Bioactive form

Cofactor for dehydrogenase reactions
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
Alpha Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase
Transketolase (HMP Shunt) (non oxidative)

and Branched- Chain Ketoacid Dehydrogenase

Think ATP (alpha keto glutarate, Transketolase, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase)

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8
Q

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) FXN

A

Cofactor for Homocysteine Methyltransferase (shared with B9) and Methylmalonyl Mutase (specific for B12)

Found in animal products.
3 year store

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9
Q

Vitamin B12 Cobalamin Deficiency

A

3 Year store in liver. Usually from insufficient intake (vegan, malasoprtion, lack of IF (Pernicious anemia, gastric bypass) or absence of terminal ileum (Crohns)

Anti-IF = Pernicious Anemia

Get Macrocytic Megaloblastic Anemia
Hypersegmented PMNs
Pasthesia and Subacute combined degeneration of doral colum and lateral tracts and spinocerebellar tracts via abnormal myelin)

Increas homocystenuria AND Methylmalonyl CoA

Prolonged = irreversible nerve damage

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10
Q

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Deficiency

A

2 C’s of B2
Cheilosis (inflammation of lips, scaling and fissues of corner of mounth), Corneal vascularization

Dermatitis/(type of dermatitis Cheilosis (agular stomatitis)), diarrhea, glossitis are general B and Fe deficiencies

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11
Q

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Function

A

Component Of FAD and FMN (B2 = 2ATP), get to ATP per FAD’s.

Used as cofactor in Redox.
Succinate Dehydrogenase reaction in TCA

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12
Q

Vitamin B3 Niacin Deficiency

A

Can be caused by Hartnup Disease: Poor absorption of nonpolar aminoacids in PCT –> deficiency of Niacin, Serotonin and Melanin

By Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome (increase Tryptophan metabolism)

By Isonizid (decrease Vit B6)

Leads to Pellagra (3D’s of B3)
Diarhea, Dementia (w/ Hallucinations), and Dermatitis (casal necklace or hyperpigmentation of sun exposed limbs)

Can add Death too

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13
Q

Vitamin B3 Niacin Excess

A

Facial Flushing (induced by PG, not histamine), hyperglycemia, and hyperuricemia

Can be lessened with aspirin (blocks PG)

PG = Prostaglandins

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14
Q

Vitamin B3 Niacin Function

A

Nad and NADP (Redox reaction)

Derived from Tryptophan

Synthesis requires B2 (riboflavin and B6 pyridoxine)

Treats Dyslipidemia (Raise HDL (Best at this), and decrease VLDL) (Inhibits Hormone Dependent Lipolysis in adipose and inhibits hepatic VLDL synthesis)

Minor Decrease in TG

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15
Q

Vitamin B5 Pantothenate Function

A

Essential component of coenzyme A (CoA is a cofractor for Acyl Transfers) and fatty acid synthase

Pento = 5 (B5)

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16
Q

Vitamin B5 Pantothenate Deficiency

A

Dermatitis, Enteritis, Alopecia, Adrenal Insufficiency

17
Q

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) Function

A

Converted to Pyridoxal Phosphate (active),

Cofactor for transamination (ALT and AST), decarboxylation rxns,
glycogen phosphorylase.
Synthesis of Cystathione, Heme, Niacin, histamine, NT (5HT, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and GABA)

18
Q

Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine Deficiency

A

Convulsions (unique), hyperiritability, peripheral neuropathy (indeuced by INH and OCP), sideroblastic anemia from impaired Hg synthesis and iron excess

Glossitis and ankylosis

19
Q

Vitamin B7 (biotin) FXN

A

Cofactor for carboxylation enzymes (adding a C group)
Pyruvate carboxylase (Pyruvate 3C -> oxaloacetate)
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (Acetyl -CoA (2C) -> malonyl- CoA (3C)
Propionyl-CoA carboxylase: 3C -> methylmalonyl CoA

Eggs can bind it, cause deficiency

20
Q

Vitamin B7 Biotin Deficiency

A

Rare.

Dermatitis, alopecia, enteritis.
Ab use or excessive ingestion of raw egg whites (avidin binds B7)

21
Q

Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) Fxn

A

Converted To THF (tetrahydrofolate), coenzyme for 1 carbon transfer/methylation rxns

Important for synthesis of nitrogenous bases in RNA and DNA

Foudn in leafy green vegetables,

Small Reserve in Liver

22
Q

Vitamin B9 Deficiency

A

1 deficiency in US. Pregnancy and ETOH

Macrocytic, Megaloblastic anemia (from decrease in DNA/RNA synthesis) increase growth of cells

Hypersegmented PMNs
Glossitis

NO NEUROSYMPTOMS, differs from B12

Increase homocysteine, normal methylmalonic acid.

Can be cause by: Phenytoin, Sulofnamides, MTX)

Increase risk of Neural tube defects

Excess can exacerbate B12 deficiency

23
Q

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) Deficiency

A

Scurvy: Swollen gums, bruising, hemarthrosis, anemia, poor wound healing, perifollicular and subperiosteal hemorrhage, “Corkscrew hair”,w

Weakened Immunit

Can only get Vit C via Ingestion

24
Q

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Funxion

A

Antioxidant, protects RBC

Facilitates Fe absorption by reducing it to Fe State (Ferrous)

Required from hydroxylation of proline and lyseine in collagen synthesis

Required for dopamine B hydroxylase (Doapmine to NE)

Found in fruits and veges

Ancillary for methemoglobenima, reduces Fe+3. but Methylene blue is #1 treatment

25
Q

Vitamin C Excess

A

Nausea, Vomiting, Diarhea, Fatigue, Calcium oxalatate nephrolithiasis. Increase risk of Iron toxicity in predisposed (transfusions and HH)

26
Q

Vitamin D eficiency

A

Leads to hypocalcemia, increase PTH –> Phosphate wasting and increased bone turnover.

Leads to hypophosphatemia.

Rickets in children (bone pain and eformity)

Osteomalacia in adults (bone pain and muscle weakness)

Hypocalemia –> tetany

Give Vitamin to breast fed babies,

Deficiency exacerbated by black skin, decrease exposure and prematurity

27
Q

Vitamin D Excess

A

Hypercalcemia, hyperaclicuria, loss of appeitie, Stupor

Seen in Sarcoid: Increase activation of Vit D by Epithelioid macrophages.

28
Q

Vitamin D FXN

A

Increases Intestinal and Bone Absorption of Ca and PO3

29
Q

Vitamin E Tocopherol Deficiency

A

Hemolytic anemia, acanthocytosis (spiculated RBC), muslce weakness, posterior column and cerebellar tract demyelination

Ataxia and peripheral neuropathy

Similar Neuro to B12, but w/o megaloblastic anemi,a hypersegment PMNs or increase Methylmalonic acid

30
Q

Vitamin E Tocopherol FXN

A

Antioxidant (protects RBCs from Free radicals

Can enhance anticoag effects of warfarin

31
Q

Vitamin K Deficiency

A

Neonatal hemorrhage, Increase PT and aPTT but nromal BT.

Neonates have sterile intestines and can synthesis

Also can be from prolonged Broad Specturm antibiotics

Anticonvulsants, AB, Coumadin can all cause deficiency

Toxicity: Hemolytic anemia nad Jaundice

32
Q

Vitamin K Fxn

A

Cofactor for gamma carboxylation of glutamic acid Residues. (post translation mod of Clotting factors)

clotting facotrs II, VII, IX, and X

Also Protein C and S and prothrombin

Warfarin = Vit K antagonist

33
Q

Vitmain D

A 
D2 = Ergocalciferol (from plants
D3 = Cholecalciferol (from milk/supplements/sun=exposed skin (stratum basale)

25OH D3 –> Storage form (25hydoxylase in liver)
1,25OH D3 (calcitriol) –> active form, 25 hydroxylase in kidney

Like a steroid hormone

Upregulated by PTH, decrease Ca, Decrease phosphate

own feedback inhibiton

34
Q

Zinc Defficiency

A 
Delayed Wound healing
Hypogonadism w/ Infertility
Decrease adult hair
Dysguesia
Anosmia,
Acrodermatitis enterpathica

Predispose to alcoholic cirrhosis

35
Q

Zine FXN

A

Esesential for 100+ enzymes. Formation of Transcription factor motif (zinc finger)

Biochem (3 decks)

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