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MCP Unit 6 > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

overview

A
  • diverse group of organic molecules required in very small quantities for health, growth, and survival
  • act as co-enzymes, symptoms of deficiency arise from loss of enzyme activity
  • expand chemistry available in living systems
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2
Q

DRI

A
  • dietary reference intakes

- multiple tables that provide a global view of micronutrient requirements and toxic levels

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3
Q

RDA

A
  • recommended daily allowance
  • one component of DRI
  • defined as amount sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of 97-98% of healthy individuals in a given group
  • varies for different populations based on gender, age etc
  • RDAs are reviewed and changed when research warrants
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4
Q

optimal amt of vitamins

A
  • cover a range
  • deficiency
  • biochemical parameters of def
  • average
  • nutrient-nutrient or nutrient-drug interactions
  • toxicity symptoms
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5
Q

how do deficiencies arise?

A
  • poor nutrition
  • increased demand
  • problem with absorption of one or more vitamins
  • interactions with meds
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6
Q

lipid soluble

A
  • ADKE
  • structures resemble lipids
  • generally stored more efficiently than water soluble
  • deficiencies don’t arise as quickly
  • toxicity may be a problem (A and D)
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7
Q

water soluble vitamins

A
  • B and C
  • more hydrophilic structures
  • in general, def arise more rapidly if vitamin is unavailable, they are excreted efficiently
  • less likely to be toxic
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8
Q

vitamin A

A
  • visual cycle (rods and cones)
  • synthesis of certain glycoproteins and mucopolysaccharides
  • retinoic acid acts as hormone
  • antioxidant
  • from egg yolks, liver, butter, whole milk for retinol
  • carotenoids from dark green and yellow veggies
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9
Q

vitamin A def

A
  • night blindness, xerophthalmia
  • follicular hyperkeratosis
  • anemia despite normal iron intake
  • poor growth in children
  • increased susceptibility to infection and cancer
  • groups:poor, malnourished, premature babies
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10
Q

vitamin A family

A
  • beta-carotene
  • all trans retinol
  • all trans retinal
  • 11-cis retinal (needed to vision cycle- goes to all trans when reacts with photon, loses opsin, nerve impulse)
  • retinoic acid- gene transcription
  • accutane (acne)
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11
Q

vitamin D

A
  • maintaining bone
  • calcium homeostasis
  • acts as a hormone
  • receptors present in many tissues, full range unknown (cancer?)
  • from sun, saltwater fish, liver, egg yolk, milk and butter fortified
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12
Q

vitamin D def

A
  • rickets/ osteomalacia-soft bones/ loss of minerals
  • increased susceptibility to breast and other cancers, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, infection
  • toxicity rare, but leads to high levels of calcium and bone loss
  • poor, elderly, alcoholics
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13
Q

vitamin D and cancer

A
  • controversial area of very active research
  • a number of studies show that low serum vitamin D levels, particularly in post menopausal women are correlated with increased risk of breast cancer
  • some correlation between polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor and certain cancers
  • effects are postulated to arise from cell cycle signaling effects through the vitamin D receptor
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14
Q

vitamin K

A
  • localization of enzymes required for blood clotting
  • helps catalyze addition of gamma-carboxyglutamate to clotting enzymes
  • def-easy bruising, bleeding, hemorrhage
  • newborn infants, patient on long term antibiotics, elderly and other with defects in fat absorption
  • gastric bypass
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15
Q

Quinone ring

A
  • vitamin K
  • phyllo- plants, kale- K1
  • or mena-microbes, klebsiella-K2
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16
Q

vitamin K and clotting

A

-essential for enzymes involved in GLA modification of clotting enzymes

17
Q

newborns/antibiotics and K

A
  • lack intestinal bacteria that make K, might need supplementation
  • poor absorption of fats may have insufficient vitamin K
18
Q

vitamin E

A
  • antioxidant
  • protects membranes from damage
  • prevents oxidation of LDL
  • from oils
19
Q

vitamin E def

A
  • cardiovascular disease
  • neuro symptoms

-patients with severe prolonged defects in absorption or genetic defects- celiac

20
Q

vitamin E family

A
  • a-tocopherol actively maintained in the human body and is found in blood and tissues
  • located in all cell and organelle membranes
  • intercepts free radicals and prevents chain reaction of lipid destruction
21
Q

vitamin C

A
  • cofactor for oxidases involved in collagen formation
  • required for synthesis of steroids in stress (response to trauma)
  • aids absorption of iron
  • has antioxidant activity
  • water soluble
  • readily absorbed from food
  • from citrus fruits, green veggies, tomatoes
22
Q

Vitamin C def

A
  • mild bruising, immunocompromise
  • SCURVY-decreased wound healing, osteoporosis, hemorrhage and anemia, fatigue
  • corkscrew hairs and pinpoint hemorrgage
  • periodontal disease
  • poor diet/ increased need
  • smokers
  • long term treatment with aspirin, the pill, corticosteroids
23
Q

vitamin C and collagen biosynthesis

A
  • required for prolyl and lysyl hydroxylases
  • in order to make a triple helix of collagen
  • hydroxylation of lysine and proline
24
Q

vitamin C and colds

A
  • promoted by linus pauling
  • little experimental evidence for prevention of colds, may shorten duration and/or moderate symptoms
  • little toxicity in most people, can lead to GI upset and kidney stones
  • higher RDA may help with promoting iron uptake and with antioxidant effects
25
Q

energy releasing B vitamins

A 
1-thaimine
2-riboflavin
3-niacin
biotin
5-pantothenic acid
6- pyridoxine
26
Q

hematopoietic B vitamin

A

9-folate

12- cobalamin

27
Q

common effects of def in energy releasing B vitamins

A
  • symptoms show in rapidly growing tissues- skin- dermatitis, swollen red tongue, glossitis, GI- diarrhea
  • nervous system also affected because of higher energy demand
  • peripheral neuropathy
  • depression, confusion
  • lack of coordination
  • malaise
  • overlapping and distinct features
28
Q

thiamine

A
  • B1
  • required cofactor for several enzymes in cellular energy metabolism (TPP)-transketolase, pyruvate and a-ketoglutarate DH
  • particularly critical in nervous system
  • from yeasts, liver, whole grains, some bean, pork, and fish
29
Q

thiamine def

A
  • mild: GI sx, depression, fatigue (poor, elderly)
  • moderate: wernicke-korsakoff syndrom
  • severe: beriberi-diet of polished rice, alcoholics
30
Q

wernicke korsakoff

A
  • moderate/severe deficiency
  • chronic alcoholics
  • characterized by mental disturbance, unsteady gait, uncoordinated eye moements
  • CHF
31
Q

beriberi

A
  • severe
  • wet-extreme muscle weakness, poly-neuropathy, heart failure, edema
  • dry-no edema
32
Q

riboflavin

A
  • B2
  • precursor to FAD and FMN
  • def-ariboflavinosis- rash around nose, IF of mouth and tongue, burning and itching eyes, light sensitivity
  • alcoholics, but quite uncommon
  • from milk, yogurt, cheese, meat, eggs, broccoli, asparagus, oranges and whole grain foods
33
Q

niacin

A

B3

  • precursor of NAD and NADP
  • given to patients with hypercholesterolemia or hypertriglyceridemia
  • pellagra-dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea
  • corn or millet based diets
  • treated with trp or niacin
  • from meat and other high protein foods, cereal grains
34
Q

biotin

A
  • coenzyme for several carboxylases

- deficiency caused by eating a lot of rare eggs

35
Q

pantothenic acid

A
  • B5
  • required for synthesis of CoA
  • required for TCA cycle and metabolism of all fats and proteins
  • deficiency very rare, sx typical of B vitamins
36
Q

pyridoxine

A
  • B6
  • precursor of pyridoxyl phosphate (PLP)
  • required for glycogen breakdown and synthesis of GABA and heme
  • deficiency-mild-irritability, nervousness, depression
  • severe-peripheral neuropathy, convulsions, decreased glu tolerance, hyper-homocysteinemia, anemia
  • pts treated with isoniazid for TB susceptible
  • from meat, egg yolk, veggies, whole grain cereal

MCP Unit 6 (9 decks)

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