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Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six essential nutrients

A

Water, vitamins, minerals, carbs, proteins, fats.

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2
Q

Micronutrients

A

Nutrients your body does not produce that are necessary for homeostasis AKA vitamins and minerals.

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3
Q

Most common vitamin/ mineral deficiencies

A

iron, iodine, zinc, vitamin A, Vitamin D, B12, and Folate

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4
Q

Vitamin C helps produce:

A

Collagen

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5
Q

What is the dietary reference index

A

-Recommended dietary allowance
- adequate intake
- estimated average requirement
- tolerable upper level

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6
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

B and C

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7
Q

Vitamin B1

A

Thiamine (TPP)

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8
Q

Vitamin B2

A

Riboflavin (FAD, FMN)

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9
Q

Vitamin B3

A

Niacin (NAD+)

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10
Q

Vitamin B5

A

Pantothenic acid (CoA)

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11
Q

Vitamin B6

A

Pyridoxine (PLP)

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12
Q

Vitamin B7

A

Biotin

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13
Q

Vitamin B9

A

Folate

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14
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Cobalamin

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15
Q

Vitamin C

A

Ascorbic acid

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16
Q

Lipid soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

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17
Q

Which vitamins are more likely to lead to an OD

A

Lipid soluble vitamins

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18
Q

Micro nutrients with the greatest importance clinically

A

Iron, Calcium, iodine, zinc, Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, Folic acid (B9)

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19
Q

What is the average daily intake that is sufficient to meet the dietary requirement of nearly all people.

A

RDA

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20
Q

What is used when RDA cannot be determined?

A

AI

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21
Q

What vitamin is “omega 3 and 6 fatty acids”

A

Vitamin F

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22
Q

Name the trace minerals

A

Iron, zinc, copper, fluoride, manganese

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23
Q

Name the ultra trace minerals

A

Iodine, Chromium

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24
Q

Where are coenzymes/ cofactors derived from?

A

NAD+, FAD+, Zinc

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25
Q

Risks for vitamin deficiency?

A

Alcoholism, Poverty, Pregnancy, Insufficient diets, Malabsorption.

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26
Q

B1 Thiamine function (TPP)

A

Regulates neurotransmitters and nerve conduction. A cofactor for dehydrogenase enzymes –> Impacts predominately ATP.

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27
Q

Sources of B1

A

Whole grains, dried beans, brown rice, pork, liver.

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28
Q

Vitamin B1 deficiency

A

Impaired glucose breakdown, Beri-beri, wernicke-korsakoff syndrome. Symptoms almost as if someone is drunk, eye movements, ataxia, memory loss.

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29
Q

Which vitamins are in fortified foods like breads and cereals?

A

B1, B2, B3, and Folate

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30
Q

In what two vitamins is anemia the primary deficiency symptom?

A

B12 and B9

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31
Q

What are the three types of Beri-beri

A

Dry: neurological symptoms
Wet: Cardiac symptoms
Acute: both

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32
Q

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency

A

Rarely occurs alone, Fissures on mouth (cheilosis), fissures in the corner of the mouth (angular somatitis), inflammation of the tongue (glossitis), and magenta tongue. Corneal vascularization.

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33
Q

Vitamin B3 (Niacin) deficiency

A

(PELLAGRA): the four D’s (dementia, death, diarrhea, dermatitis), presents as a sunburn.

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34
Q

Vitamin B5 (pantothenic) deficiency

A

Burning sensation on feet, nerve inflammation, dermatitis, alopecia, ADRENAL INSUFICIENCY.

35
Q

Niacin excess

A

FACIAL FLUSHING, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia.

36
Q

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) excess

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, calcium oxalate kidney stones.

37
Q

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency

A

Disorders of amino acid metabolism, convulsions. Neurological conditions like depression, confusion, and neuropathy. Also contains a rash on the body.

38
Q

Vitamin B7 (biotin)

A

Deficiency is rare, impaired metabolism, dermatitis, alopecia, long term antibiotics and EGG WHITES. Death occurs without treatment.

39
Q

Vitamin B9 (Folate) deficiency

A

Megaloblastic anemia: fatigue, weakness, headache, heart palpitations. Neural tube defects (fetus).

40
Q

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

A

Pernicious anemia: megaloblastic anemia with spinal cord degradation. Fatigue, paleness, irreversible neurological problems.

41
Q

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)deficiency

A

SCURVY: Hemorrhagic signs: bleeding gums, blood under nail. Anxiety.

42
Q

Vitamin C function

A

Antioxidant, enhances absorption of iron (cofactor). Hormone synthesis, collagen synthesis.

43
Q

Vitamin B12 function

A

Important for DNA and RNA synthesis, works with folic acid. Cofactor for methionine synthase.

44
Q

Vitamin B9 (FOLATE) function

A

Converted to THF coenzyme, Important for DNA and RNA synthesis.

45
Q

Vitamin B7 (biotin) function

A

Cofactor for carboxylation reactions in gluconeogenesis. Role in regulation of the cell cycle.

46
Q

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

A

Converted to PLP, neurotransmitter synthesis (SEROTONIN, Dopamine, GABA).

47
Q

Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) function

A

Essential component of CoA, cofactor for fatty acid synthase.

48
Q

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

A

Components of NAD+ and NADP+ redox reactions, role in treatment of dyslipidemia. Derived from tryptophan.

49
Q

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) function

A

Components of flavin in redox reactions (FAD/ FMN),

50
Q

Vitamin B1 function (thimaine)

A

(TPP) is a cofactor dehydrogenase enzymes, important for ATP production. Regulates neurotransmitters and nerve conduction.

51
Q

Preformed Vitamin A

A

Retinol, retinoic acid, retinyl ester.

52
Q

Provitamin A

A

Beta-carotene

53
Q

Vitamin A sources

A

Liver, fatty fish, milk/cheese

54
Q

Provitamin A (beta-carotinoid)

A

Carrots, squash, cantaloupe, spinach.

55
Q

Vitamin A function

A

Vision: component of rhodopsin which is necessary for eyes to adjust to darkness.
Cells: Critical for growth and development (epithelial).
Antioxidant.

56
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A

Night blindness, growth retardation in children, anorexia/ altered sense of smell and taste, Dry skin, GI symptoms.

57
Q

Vitamin A toxicity

A

Blurred vision, poor coordination, nausea/ vomitting.

58
Q

Vitamin D types

A

D2: ergocalciferol
D3: cholecalciferol

59
Q

Sources of vitamin D

A

salmon, tuna, mushrooms, direct sunlight!

60
Q

Function of Vitamin D

A

Serum calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, cell differentiation and growth, affects about 200 genes and acts as a hormone. Promotes bone marrow growth. Almost all cells in the immune system are affected by it.

61
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

Rickets: decreased bone/ mineralization in growth plates.
Osteomalacia: softening of bones, results in bone and muscle pain.

62
Q

Vitamin D toxicity

A

Only occurs with oral intake, abnormally high blood calcium, vomiting, renal failure.

63
Q

Vitamin E types

A

Tocopherols and tocotrienols

64
Q

Sources of vitamin E

A

Nuts, seeds, avocado

65
Q

Vitamin E function

A

Maintain integrity of cell membranes, antioxidant, immune function, anti-inflammatory

66
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A

Uncommon; hemolytic anemia, poor muscle coordination/ weakness. pain and numbness in extremities.

67
Q

Vitamin E toxicity

A

Can interfere with vitamin K and cause prolonged bleeding,

68
Q

Vitamin K types

A

Phylloquinone/ Menaquinone (bacteria)

69
Q

Vitamin K sources

A

Greens, broccoli, lettuce, pumpkin.

70
Q

Vitamin K function

A

CLOTTING factors, bone mineralization, glucose regulation, brain development.

71
Q

Vitamin K deficiency

A

Bruising, prolong clotting time, hemorrhage.

72
Q

Vitamin K toxicity

A

can diminish the effectiveness of blood thinners (warfarin).

73
Q

What vitamin deficiency?: Easily bruised

74
Q

What vitamin deficiency?: Night blindness

75
Q

What vitamin deficiency?: Poor muscle coordination

76
Q

What vitamin deficiency?: Bone and muscle pain

77
Q

What vitamin deficiency?: Altered sense of taste and smell.

78
Q

What vitamin deficiency?: Dry scaly skin

79
Q

What vitamin deficiency?: Fracture bones easily

80
Q

What vitamin deficiency?: Bleeding/ hemorrhaging

81
Q

What vitamin deficiency?: Muscle weakness

82
Q

What vitamin deficiency?: Diarrhea and GI symptoms

83
Q

What vitamin deficiency?: Bone deformities in children

MBD (1 decks)

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