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NUTRI FINALS > VITAMINS > Flashcards

VITAMINS Flashcards

1
Q

are a group of chemically unrelated organic molecules that are needed in minute amounts for different physiological functions

A

Vitamins

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2
Q

originated from the term vital amine and refers to a group of compounds having specific roles in metabolism.

A

“Vitamin”

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3
Q

are classified into fat- and water-soluble vitamins

A

Vitamins

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4
Q

This vitamin was discovered by M. Mori in 1922 as a “fat-soluble factor” present in butter and fish oil, and he named it A

A

Vitamin A

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5
Q

is the biologically active form of vitamin A

A

Retinol

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6
Q

is required in the diet of all animals

A

Vitamin A

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7
Q

are pigments present in plant cells (> 600 types) that provide the deep orange/yellow color of plant foods such as carrots, sweet potatoes, and pumpkins

A

Carotenoids

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8
Q

There are two forms of carotenoids:

A

Carotenes And Xanthophylls

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9
Q

formed by the irradiation of sterols in plants and in the skin of animals and can be called a “sunshine” vitamin

A

Vitamin D

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9
Q

plays a role in several distinct functions, including vision, bone growth, reproduction, and maintenance of epithelial cells, which cover the body surface (e.g., skin) and mucous membranes of body cavities (e.g., respiratory, urogenital, digestive tract)

A

Vitamin A

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10
Q

combines with a protein called opsin to form rhodopsin (also called visual purple)

A

Retinal

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11
Q

l (vitamin D2) in plants is formed upon exposure to sunlight after harvest (or injury) and not in living plant cells

A

Ergocalciferol

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11
Q

(vitamin D3) is the form of vitamin D that is of nutritional value to most animals

A

Cholecalciferol

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11
Q

The two major forms of vitamin D are

A

ergocalciferol (vitamin D2, activated plant form) and cholecalciferol

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12
Q

is really a hormone. It can be synthesized in the animal body from cholesterol

A

Vitamin D

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13
Q

works along with the gut, bones, and kidneys in maintaining blood Ca levels

A

Vitamin D

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14
Q

also affects normal bone growth and calcification by acting with PTH to mobilize Ca from bone and by causing an increase in P resorption in the kidneys

A

Vitamin D

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15
Q

works along with the intestines, bones, and kidneys to maintain an optimal level of blood Ca and P that is needed for normal bone mineralization

A

Vitamin D

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16
Q

a term that is used to describe a group of chemically related compounds called tocopherols and tocotrienols

A

Vitamin E

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17
Q

is the most active biological form of vitamin E and is the one that is added to animal diets

A

α-tocopherol

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17
Q

the most biologically effective form of vitamin E in animals

A

RRR-α-tocophero

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17
Q

prevents the oxidation of lipids by serving as a free radical scavenger and donates electrons from the hydroxyl group of the molecule

A

Vitamin E

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17
Q

in the body is to serve as a biological chain-breaking antioxidant and to protect cells and tissues from oxidative damage induced by free radicals and other lipid oxidation products

A

Vitamin E

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18
Q

is an antioxidant, and high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A in the diet increase the requirement for vitamin E

A

Vitamin E

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18
Q

deficiency can produce white muscle disease, exudative diathesis, and encephalomalacia. White muscle disease is caused by the degeneration of skeletal and heart muscle fiber, which leads to rapid death due to heart failure

A

Vitamin E

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18
Q

is the least toxic of the fat-soluble vitamins and high levels are added in the diets of animals (beef cow, poultry) to enhance food nutritional and aesthetic value and lipid stability

A

Vitamin E

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19
Q

includes a group of compounds called the quinones.

A

Vitamin K

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20
Q

is found in green plants (phylloquinones) and vitamin K2 (menaquinones) is synthesized by hindgut bacteria.

A

Vitamin K

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20
Q

s needed for the synthesis of prothrombin, a blood-clotting protein

A

Vitamin K

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21
Q

Vitamin K includes a group of compounds called the

A

quinones

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22
Q

Vitamin K1 found in green plants

A

phylloquinones

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23
Q

vitamin K2 is synthesized by hindgut bacteria

A

menaquinones

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23
Q

a blood-clotting protein

A

prothrombin

23
Q

The blood-clotting process needs several proteins such as;

A

thromboplastin, prothrombin, fibrinogen, and fibrin

24
Q

deficiency of vitamin K leads to failure in;

A

failure in fibrin clot formation, hemorrhages, and/or prolonged bleeding time

25
Q

The blood-clotting process needs several proteins such as thromboplastin, prothrombin, fibrinogen, and fibrin. The
enzymes needed for these processes are vitamin K dependent, and hence deficiency of vitamin K leads to failure in fibrin
clot formation, hemorrhages, and/or prolonged bleeding time.

A
26
Q

is a competitive inhibitor of vitamin K

A

Dicoumarol

27
Q

Another antagonist of vitamin K?
It is also a rat poison causing anticoagulation

A

Warfarin

28
Q

It is also a competitive inhibitor of vitamin K

A

Warfarin

28
Q

is routinely administered in rodenticide poisoning in pets because the active ingredient (Warfarin) in these rodenticides are anticoagulants, causing bleeding and hemorrhaging

A

Vitamin K

28
Q

is needed for the blood-clotting process in the animal body

A

Vitamin K

29
Q

what derivatives are nontoxic even at higher levels

A

Phylloquinone and Menaquinone

30
Q

given in prolonged high doses produces anemia and other abnormalities in animals

A

Menadione

31
Q

Water-Soluble Vitamins

A

B and C

32
Q

are originally grouped together because of their similar metabolic functions

A

B vitamins

32
Q

also called B complex vitamins

A

B vitamins

33
Q

are water soluble and are needed in the daily diet of monogastric animals

A

B vitamins

34
Q

consists of one molecule of pyrimidine joined with one of thiazole

A

Thiamine

35
Q

is also referred to as vitamin B1, as it is the first vitamin identified

A

Thiamine

36
Q

is a component of the enzyme thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP), which is involved in several key reactions in energy producing pathways

A

Thiamine

36
Q

functions as a coenzyme in enzymatic decarboxylation of pyruvate

A

Thiamine

37
Q

is another typical symptom of thiamin deficiency in chicks. Several compounds resemble thiamine in chemical structure and can function as antagonists, causing a thiamine deficiency

A

Polyneuritis

38
Q

is named for its yellow color (flavin) and sugar (ribose). Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is relatively heat stable but easily destroyed by light

A

Riboflavin

39
Q

functions in the body as a component of two different coenzymes: flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

A

Riboflavin

40
Q

n is the accepted generic description for pyridine 3-carboxylic acid and its derivatives showing the nutritional activity of nicotinic acid. Niacin functions as a constituent of two important coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and NADPH

A

Niacin

40
Q

in dogs, and in chickens, it causes poor feathering around the eyes, also called spectacled eyes

A

Black Tongue Disease

41
Q

comprises three different forms: pyridoxine (plant), pyridoxal (animal), and pyridoxamine (animal)

A

Pyridoxine

42
Q

participates in a wide variety of biochemical reactions, most of them involving amino acid
metabolism, such as transamination, deamination reactions, and decarboxylation reactions

A

Pyridoxal 5-phosphate

43
Q

is also required for the synthesis of hemoglobin and the conversion of tryptophan to niacin

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

44
Q

an abnormal gait, due to nerve degeneration

A

Goose-Stepping

44
Q

occurs in all tissues of the body. The vitamin name is derived from the Greek term pan meaning “all,” or “everywhere.”

A

Pantothenic Acid

44
Q

Feeding raw egg whites to rats causes skin lesions and loss of hair and were cured by a protective factor found in the liver. The original name given to this compound was vitamin H because it protected haut, a German word for “skin.”

A

Biotin

45
Q

The original name given to biotin compound was —– because it protected haut, a German word for “skin.”

A

vitamin H

45
Q

is a prosthetic group that binds to the lysine of the enzyme via a peptide bond to form biocytin

A

Biotin

45
Q

Feeding raw egg whites

A

causes skin lesions and loss of hair to rats

were cured by a protective factor found in the
liver

46
Q

is required for purine, pyrimidine, glycine, serine, and creatine synthesis. Both purine and pyrimidine synthesis is required for DNA synthesis and thus cell replication

A

Tetrahydrofolic acid

46
Q

serves as a cofactor in carboxylase reactions such as acetyl CoA carboxylase carboxylase (the first step in lipogenesis) and pyruvate carboxylase (the first step in gluconeogenesis)

A

Biotin

47
Q

is a generic term used to describe folic acid and related compounds. The active form of folacin in the body is called tetrahydrofolic acid

A

Folacin

47
Q

is the most prominent human vitamin deficiency

A

Folic acid deficiency

47
Q

is the vitamin and deoxyadenosyl cobalamin is the coenzyme form

A

Cyanocobalamin

47
Q

It is also the only vitamin that is synthesized only by microorganisms

A

Cobalamin

47
Q

acts as a carbon dioxide carrier (carbon fixation) in reactions in which carbon chains are lengthened

A

Biotin

48
Q

he last B vitamin (vitamin B12), was discovered in 1948

A

Cobalamin

49
Q

serves as a coenzyme for several enzyme systems involving methyl transfer in fat and carbohydrate metabolism and for myelin synthesis

A

Folic acid

50
Q

plays an important role in the absorption of vitamin B12

A

Stomach

51
Q

provides the acidity and pepsin to release the tightly bound vitamin B12 from the dietary source

A

Stomach

52
Q

It was discovered in 1747 that scurvy can be prevented by the ingestion of lemon juice

A

Vitamin C

53
Q

also secretes an intrinsic factor, a specific binding glycoprotein

A

Stomach

54
Q

was recognized as a vitamin in 1933. Ascorbic acid has a structure closely related to monosaccharide sugars. It is synthesized from glucose by plants and most animal species

A

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

55
Q

is required for hydroxylation reactions of the amino acids proline and lysine in the formation of collagen, elastin synthesis, and neurotransmitter (norepinephrine, epinephrine) synthesis.

A

Ascorbic acid

55
Q

is important for normal bone formation. It also functions as an antioxidant, reducing oxidative stress.

A

Collagen

55
Q

Types of Vitamin C

A

NUTRI FINALS (1 decks)

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