Vitamins Flashcards
Prolonged use of which dose of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) is considered safe?
10mg OD.
Prolonged use of which dose of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) may lead to an increased risk of neuropathy?
200mg + daily.
how should thiamine be administered IV?
By infusion over 30 minutes.
Which facilities should be available when IV thiamine is administered?
Facilities for treating anaphylaxis due to risk of potentially serious allergic adverse reactions.
What is vitamin D required for?
Necessary for normal bone growth. Promotes the absorption of calcium and phosphate in the gut.
What are the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency?
Rickets. Osteoporosis.
What are the symptoms of vitamin D toxicity?
Hypercalcaemia, abnormal growth, vomiting, nephrocalcinosis.
What is vitamin A required for?
Preserves the integrity of epithelial cells. Formation of rhodopsin for low light vision. Necessary for wound repair, growth, and immune function.
What are the symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?
Night blindness, dry eyes, poor bone growth, impaired resistance to infection, papillary hyperkeratosis of the skin.
What are the symptoms of vitamin A toxicity?
Fatigue, night sweats, vertigo, headache, dry and fissured skin and lips, hyperpigmentation, stunted growth, bone pain, abdominal pain, vomiting, jaundice, hypercalcaemia.
What are some sources of vitamin A?
Breast milk, infant formula, liver, egg yolk, dark green and deep yellow fruit and veg.
What is the function of vitamin E?
May function as an antioxidant in the tissues, may also have a role as a coenzyme, neuromuscular function.
What are the symptoms of vitamin E deficiency?
Haemolytic anaemia in the new-born and premature, hyporeflexia and spinocerebellar and retinal degeneration.
What are the symptoms of vitamin E toxicity?
May interfere with vitamin K leading to prolonged clotting and bleeding time. In anaemia, suppresses the normal response to iron.
What are some sources of vitamin E?
Breast milk. Infant formula. Veg oils. Liver. Egg yolk. Butter. Green leafy veg. Whole-grain bread. Cereals. Fortifies or enriched grain products. Wheat germ.
What is the function of vitamin K?
Catalysis prothrombin synthesis. Required for the synthesis of other blood clotting factors. Synthesis by intestinal bacteria.
What are the symptoms of vitamin K deficiency?
Prolonged bleeding and prothrombin time. Haemorrhagic manifestations (especially in the newborn).
What are the symptoms of vitamin K toxicity?
Possible haemolytic anaemia. Hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice).
What are some sources of vitamin K?
Infant formula. Veg oils. Green leafy veg. Pork. Liver.
What is the function of vitamin C/ascorbic acid?
Essential in the synthesis of collagen (strengthens tissues, improves wound healing and resistance to infection). Iron absorption and transport. Is a water-soluble antioxidant. Functions in folacin metabolism.
What are the symptoms of vitamin C deficiency?
Scurvy. Pinpoint peripheral haemorrhages. Bleeding gums. Osmotic diarrhoea.
What are the symptoms of vitamin C toxicity?
Nausea. Abdominal cramps. Diarrhoea. Possible formation of kidney stones.
What are some sources of vitamin C?
Breast milk. Infant formula. Fruits (citrus, papaya, cantaloup, strawberries). Veg (potatoes, cabbage).
What other name does vitamin C go by?
Ascorbic acid.
What is the function of vitamin B12?
Essential for the biosynthesis of nucleic acids and nucleoproteins. Needed for RBC maturation. Involved with folate metabolism. Central nervous system metabolism.
What are the symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency?
Pernicious anaemia. Neurologic degeneration.
What are some sources of vitamin B12?
Infant formula. Breast milk. Meat. Fish. Poultry. Cheese. Egg yolk. Liver.
What other names does vitamin B12 go by?
Cyanocobalamin. Hydroxocobalamin. Cobalamin.
What is the function of folacin/folate?
Essential in the biosynthesis of nucleic acids. Necessary for the normal maturation of red blood cells.
What are the symptoms of folate deficiency?
Poor growth. Megaloblastic anaemia (suspect concurrent deficiency of B12). Impaired cellular immunity.
What are the symptoms of folate toxicity?
Masking of B12 deficiency symptoms in those with pernicious anaemia not receiving cyanocobalamin.
What are some sources of folate?
Breast milk. Infant formula. Liver. Green leafy veg. Legumes. Whole-grain bread. Cereals. Fortified or enriched grains. Oranges. Cantaloup. Lean beef.
What is the function of vitamin B6?
Aids in the synthesis and breakdown of amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids from essential fatty acids. Essential for the conversion of tryptophan to niacin. Essential for normal growth.
What are the symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency?
Microcytic anaemia. Convulsions. Irritability.
What are the symptoms of vitamin B6 toxicity?
Sensory neuropathy with progressive ataxia. Photosensitivity.
What are some sources of vitamin B6?
Breast milk. Infant formula. Liver. Meat. Whole-grain breads. Cereals. Grain products. Legumes. Potatoes.
What other name does vitamin B6 go by?
Pyridoxine.
What is the function of vitamin B1?
Combines with phosphorous to form thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) necessary for the metabolism of protein, carbohydrate, and fat. Essential for growth, normal appetite, digestion, and healthy nerves.
What are the symptoms of vitamin B1 deficiency?
Beriberi. Neuritis. Oedema. Cardiac failure.
Which vitamin is primarily involved in Wernicke’s encephalopathy?
Vitamin B1/thiamine.
What are some sources of vitamin B1?
Breast milk. Infant formula. Lean pork. Wheat germ. Whole-grain and enriched breads. Cereals. Grain products. Legumes. Potatoes.
What other name does vitamin B1 go by?
Thaimine.
What is the function of vitamin B2?
Essential for growth. Plays an enzymatic role in tissue respiration and acts as a transporter of hydrogen ions. Synthesis of FMN and FAD.
What are the symptoms of vitamin B2 deficiency?
Photophobia. Cheilosis. Glossitis. Corneal vascularisation. Poor growth.
What are some sources of vitamin B2?
Breast milk. Infant formula. Meat. Egg yolk. Dairy products. Legumes. Green veg. Whole-grain breads. Cereals. Fortified and enriched grains.
What other name does vitamin B2 go by?
Riboflavin.
