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PHAR 300 > Vitamines (Lecture 19) > Flashcards

Vitamines (Lecture 19) Flashcards

1
Q

what is a vitamin? (3)

A

organic compound present in food

not synthesized buy the body

essential for normal growth and function

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2
Q

vitamin deficiencies can occur because of … (3)

A

poverty (malnutrition)

food fads

alcoholics (unbalanced diets because most calories are derived from alcohol)

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3
Q

RDA

A

recommended daily allowance

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4
Q

Deficiency in Vitamin B1

A

Beriberi: extreme weakness, encephalopathy (alcoholics are at greater risk)

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5
Q

Deficiency in Vitamin K

A

Hemorrhage

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6
Q

Deficiency in Vitamin B12/ folic acid

A

megaloblastic anemia

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7
Q

Deficiency in Vitamin A

A

night blindness

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8
Q

Deficiency in Vitamin D

A

osteomalacia and Rickets

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9
Q

Deficiency in Vitamin C

A

scurvy: people become weak, anemic, bruising, bleeding gums, and loose teeth

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10
Q

greater risk of vitamin deficiency include: (8)

A

pregnant women

infants

elderly

chronic diseases (malabsorption)

chronic medications

alcoholics

strict vegans

undernourished populations

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11
Q

what are the two major categories of vitamins? and which vitamins are included in these groups?

A

Water soluble: vitamin B and C

Fat soluble: vitamin A, D, E, K

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12
Q

what are fat soluble vitamins?

A

vitamins that can be stored in body fat for variable amounts of time

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13
Q

what are water soluble vitamins?

A

vitamins that need continuous intake

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14
Q

vitamin precursor

A

beta carotene

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15
Q

what are benefits of vitamin A

A

maintains health of retina tissue

acids in health oil. skin n d mucous membranes

profits normal development of teeth and tissue

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16
Q

how is vitamin A involved in vision?

A

light alters the cis alien bond to one of a trans conformation

the light stimulus will activate rods and cones (rods dim light)

light will disrupt the link between the retinal and opsin to one that is a trans isomer

this loses the in inhibition from the rods to the bipolar cells, which is needed to stimulate the ganglion cells to see

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17
Q

deficiency in vitamin A can result in:

A

abnormal function of epithelial cells (hyperkeratinization, inadequate secretion from mucosal surfaces, which may affect fertility)

impaired immune reponse

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18
Q

solution to vitamin A deficiency in underdeveloped countries

A

genetically modified rice contain gin beta keratin (golden rice)

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19
Q

excess vitamin A can cause:

A

fetal abnormalities

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20
Q

when is vitamin D is made by the body?

A

when exposed to the sun and various foods

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21
Q

what is the function of. vitamin D?

A

promote the proper absorption of calcium

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22
Q

steps that occur in the body once exposed to UV

A
  1. skin exposed to uv light
  2. uv light interacts with an enzyme, 7-dehydrocholesterol
  3. reaction generates pre-vitamin D
  4. pre-vitamin D rearranged to form vitamin D
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23
Q

where is cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) converted into 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and by what?

A

liver, P450s

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24
Q

where is 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 converted into 1, 25 hydroxyvitamin D3, and by which enzyme?

A

kidney, P450

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25
Q

what does 1, 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 do?

A

maintains calcium balance in the body

26
Q

is vitamin D an active hormone?

A

no, vitamin D is a prohormone, but its metabolites are active

27
Q

how does the active vitamin D act as a hormone?

A

vitamin D binds to the vitamin D receptor, the receptor heterodimerizes, is taken up by the nucleus, binds to the vitamin D response elements in order to promote th transcription of many genes.

28
Q

which genes are unregulated by vitamin D hormonal activity?

A

upregulation of proteins supporting bone formation

  • intestinal Calcium binding proteins (calbindins)
  • bone matrix proteins, osteoblasts regulation fo type 1 collagen
29
Q

which genes are downregulated by vitamin D hormonal activity?

A

parathyroid hormone, which decreases calcium absorption from bone

30
Q

Rickets

A

vitamin D deficiency/ inability to utilize vitamin D

weak/soft bones due to extreme calcium loss

growth is impaired

31
Q

adults with vitamin D deficiency can acquire…

A

osteoporosis

32
Q

imbalances between osteoblast and osteoclasts can…

A

impair bone turnover, thus the maintenance of bone

33
Q

what are the non-classical actions of vitamin D?

A

antibacterial

anti-inflammatory

34
Q

people at risk for vitamin D deficiency include: (9)

A

breastfed infants

older adults

sedentary lifestyle

obesity

restricted sun exposure/pollution

dark skin

fat malabsorption

alcoholism

chronic medications (anticonvulsants and antihistamines)

35
Q

vitamin E serves an an…

A

antioxidant and free radical scavenger.

it will protect cell membranes and tissues from free radicals

36
Q

benefits of Vitamin B:

A

protect cell membranes and tissues from oxidation damage

aids in the formation of RBC and use of vitamin K

promotes function of healthy circulation system

37
Q

consequences of Vitamin E deficiency: (2)

A

neurological damage and hemolytic anemia

38
Q

overdosing of Vitamin E may promote:

A

growth of prostate cancer

39
Q

vitamin E derivative in vapes induced:

A

lung disease

40
Q

vitamin K function

A

synthesis of thrombin (coagulation)

41
Q

humans get vitamin K from:

A

made by intestinal bacteria and dietary intake

42
Q

deficiency of vitamin

A

cause bleeding

43
Q

warfarin

A

drug used to decrease blood clot formation by inhibiting vitamin K synthesis

44
Q

function of vitamin C

A

prom ones healthy immune system

helps wounds heal

maintains connective tissue

aids in absorption of iron

45
Q

ascorbic acid

A

vitamin C

46
Q

why do we need vitamin C?

A

most mammals make vitamin c , but humans have a mutation in the gene encoding the enzyme for the final step in vitamin C synthesis from its precursor

47
Q

how is vitamin C involved in enzymatic reactions?

A

acts as an electron donor in enzymatic reactions

48
Q

vitamin C is important for. the synthesis of

A

collagen

49
Q

what does vitamin C do to free radicals?

A

since vitamin C is an antioxidant, it neutralizes free radicals via donating an electron

50
Q

what occurs to excess vitamin C?

A

vitamin C is not protein bound, thus it is secreted by the kidneys in the urine

51
Q

vitamine B1 (thiamine) function

A

convert food into. energy

aids the function of the heart, cardiovascular system, brain and nervous system

52
Q

functions of vitamin B12 (riboflavin)

A

promote healthy growth

tissue repair

release energy form carbohydrates

53
Q

functions of vitamin B3 (niacin)

A

energy metabolism

54
Q

inability to absorb niacin may cause

A 
pellagra (scaly sores)
3Ds:
dermatitis 
diarrhea 
dementia 
(death)

mucosal changes

mental symptoms

3Ds:
dermatitis 
diarrhea 
dementia 
(death)
55
Q

vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) functions:

A

maintain healthy brain function

formation of RBC

breakdown of protein

synthesis of antibodies to support immune system

56
Q

Vitamin B9 (follate)

A

synthesis of DNA and methylation of DNA

57
Q

deficiency in vitamin B9

A

megaloblastic anemia, bone marrow tries to make RBCs but it releases the RBC before they are fully mature (larger RBC)

58
Q

which vitamins are fortified in foods?

A

vitamin D (milk)

niacin and folate (flour)

iodine (salt)

59
Q

how is vitamin B12 absorbed?

A

vitamin is bound to a protein

HCl form stomach frees the vitamin from the protein

the vitamin binds to intrinsic factor that is secreted by the parietal cells

the intrinsic. factor allows the vitamin to be absorbed in the ileum by the epithelial cells

the vitamin separates form the intrinsic factor and then enters the circulation

60
Q

vitamin B12 functions:

A

role in DNA synthesis

myelin synthesis

61
Q

deficiency in vitamin B12 causes:

A

anemia

neuropathy

psychiatric abnormalities

PHAR 300 (1 decks)

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