Vitamin Structures

Question 1

β-carotene

Answer 1

Question 2

Retinol (A)

Answer 2

Question 3

Calciferol (D)

Answer 3

Question 4

Tocoferol (E)

Answer 4

Question 5

Phylloquinone (K)

Answer 5

Question 6

Thiamine (B₁)

Answer 6

Question 7

Riboflavin (B₂)

Answer 7

Question 8

Niacin (B₃)

Answer 8

Question 9

Pantothenic Acid (B₅)

Answer 9

Question 10

Pyridoxine (B₆)

Answer 10

Question 11

Biotin (H)

Answer 11

Question 12

Folic Acid (B₉)

Answer 12

Question 13

Cobalamin (B₁₂)

Answer 13

Question 14

Ascorbic acid (C)

Answer 14

Question 15

Choline structure

Answer 15

Question 16

Inositol

Answer 16

Question 17

Nicotinamide/NADP⁺ formation

Answer 17

Question 18

Sources of Retinol

Answer 18

• B-carotene
• Cod liver oil
• Orange + yellow vegetables
• Broccoli
• Fruit

Question 19

Deficiency of Retinol

Answer 19

• Hyperkeratinisation
• Xerophthalmia
• Keratomalacia
• Exostosis
• Abnormal sperm/oocytes

Question 20

Sources of Cholecalciferol

Answer 20

• Liver
• Eggs
• Milk
• Sundried hay
• Cheese

Question 21

Deficiency of Cholecalciferol

Answer 21

• Rickets
• Osteomalacia
• Poor eggshell formation

Question 22

Sources of Tocopherol

Answer 22

• Grain oils
• Wheat germ oils
• Egg
• Butter
• Milk
• Meat

Question 23

Deficiency of Tocopherol

Answer 23

• Sterility in males
• White muscle disease
• Crazy chicken disease
• Encephalomalacia
• Brain oedema

Question 24

Sources of Phylloquinone

Answer 24

• Alfa alfa
• Cabbage
• Chestnut leaves
• Kale
• Sprouts
• Broccoli

Question 25

Deficiency of Phylloquinone

Answer 25

• Poor blood clotting
• Haemorrhage
• Poor bone formation

Question 26

Sources of Thiamine

Answer 26

• Meat
• Fish
• Milk
• Outer layer of wholegrains

Question 27

Deficiency of Thiamine

Answer 27

• Polyneurotitis in poultry
• Beri-beri
• Chasteks paralysis
• Necrotic encephalopathy

Question 28

Sources of Riboflavin

Answer 28

• Cereals
• Nuts
• Green leaves
• Yeast
• Eggs
• Avocados
• Fish
• Meat

Question 29

Deficiency of Riboflavin

Answer 29

• Slow growth
• Symmetric dermatitis
• Curled toe disease
• Periodic ophthalmia

Question 30

Sources of Niacin

Answer 30

• Dairy
• Poultry
• Fish
• Lean Meat
• Nuts
• Eggs

Question 31

Deficiency of Niacin

Answer 31

• Pellegra - DDD
• Black tongue (dog)

Question 32

Sources of Pantothenic acid

Answer 32

• Meat
• Avocados
• Mushroom
• Peppers
• Yeast

Question 33

Deficiency of Pantothenic acid

Answer 33

• Achromotrochia
• Chicken Pellegra
• Anaemia
• ‘Goose-stepping’

Question 34

Sources of Folic acid

Answer 34

• Beans
• Legumes
• Citrus fruits
• Wholegrains
• Meat
• Microbial synthesis

Question 35

Deficiency of Folic acid

Answer 35

• Macrocytic hyperchromic anaemia
• Slow growth

Question 36

Sources of Pyridoxine

Answer 36

• Grains
• Yeast
• Meat
• Liver
• Eggs

Question 37

Deficiency of Pyridoxine

Answer 37

• Neural damage (GABA ↓)
• Normocytic anaemia

Question 38

Sources of Ascorbic acid

Answer 38

• Fresh fruit + veg
• Ø Microbial synthesis
• Ø Storage
• Synthesis of ascorbic acid

Question 39

Give the steps of Ascorbic acid synthesis

Answer 39

1. Glucose
2. UDP-glucose
3. UDP Glucuronate
4. α-gluconate
5. α-gluconolactone
6. 2-keto-2-gluconolactone
7. Ascorbic acid

Question 40

Deficiency of Ascorbic acid

Answer 40

• Scurvey
• Heat stress in birds
• Anaemia
• Weakened bones
• Slowed skin growth

Question 41

Sources of biotin

Answer 41

• Nuts
• Grains
• Liver
• Egg yolk
• Microbial synthesis

Question 42

Deficiency of biotin

Answer 42

• Dermatitis
• Alopecia
• Skin irritation
• Slow growth
• Necrotic hood damage
• Bloody ulcers of foot and tongue

Question 43

Sources of Cobalamine

Answer 43

Animal origin:

• Milk
• Eggs
• Milk

Question 44

Deficiency of Cobalamine

Answer 44

• Macrocytic hyperchromic anaemia
• Ø Purine + thymine synthesis
• Lack of IF production in the stomach
• Bird egg production ↓