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NURS 1120 > Vitamin and Metabolic Pathways > Flashcards

Vitamin and Metabolic Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

What is the absorption method for water-soluble vitamins?

A

Directly into bloodstream

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2
Q

What is the absorption method for fat-soluble vitamins?

A

With dietary fats, lymphatic system

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3
Q

How are water-soluble vitamins transported in the body?

A

Freely in bloodstream

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4
Q

How are fat-soluble vitamins transported in the body?

A

Bound to proteins/lipoproteins

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5
Q

What is the storage capability of water-soluble vitamins?

A

Minimal (except B12, B6); circulate freely in water-filled parts of the body

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6
Q

What is the storage capability of fat-soluble vitamins?

A

Extensive storage (liver/adipose tissue)

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7
Q

How are water-soluble vitamins excreted from the body?

A

Kidneys (urine)

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8
Q

How are fat-soluble vitamins excreted from the body?

A

Rarely excreted, except vitamin K

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9
Q

What is the toxicity level of water-soluble vitamins?

A

Generally low, excess excreted

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10
Q

What is the toxicity level of fat-soluble vitamins?

A

Possible from supplements

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11
Q

What is the intake requirement for water-soluble vitamins?

A

Frequent intake (daily/few days)

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12
Q

What is the intake requirement for fat-soluble vitamins?

A

Periodic intake (weeks/months)

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13
Q

What is the full name of Thiamin?

A

Vitamin B1

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14
Q

What are some food sources of Thiamin?

A
  • Meats - Pork chops
  • Lentils and beans
  • Soy milk
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15
Q

What is a major function of Thiamin?

A

Key to energy metabolism

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16
Q

What is the role of TPP in energy metabolism?

A

Catalyst for decarboxylation of pyruvate

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17
Q

What does Thiamin help form for the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA

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18
Q

What is the main function of Riboflavin?

A

Helps convert food (carbs) to fuel (glucose)

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19
Q

What are some food sources of Riboflavin?

A
  • Proteins
  • Vegetables – mushrooms, spinach
  • Fortified grains, breads, cereals
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20
Q

What are the two coenzymes that Niacin forms?

A
  • NAD+
  • NADP
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21
Q

What is the full name of Niacin?

A

Vitamin B3

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22
Q

What are some food sources of Niacin?

A
  • Whole grain
  • Beef liver
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23
Q

What is a major function of Pantothenic acid?

A

Synthesis of Coenzyme A

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24
Q

What are some food sources of Pantothenic acid?

A
  • Beef liver
  • Breakfast cereals
  • Shiitake mushrooms
  • Sunflower seeds
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25
Q

What is the full name of Vitamin B6?

A

Pyridoxal, Pyridoxine, Pyridoxamine

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26
Q

What are some food sources of Vitamin B6?

A
  • Poultry
  • Fish (salmon)
  • Beef
  • Organ meats
  • Spinach
  • Nuts
  • Fortified cereals
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27
Q

What does Biotin improve?

A

Hair, nail, and skin health

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28
Q

What is the main function of Folate?

A

DNA synthesis

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29
Q

What are some food sources of Folate?

A
  • Leafy greens
  • Beef liver
  • Legumes
  • Asparagus
  • Broccoli
  • Orange juice
  • Enriched grains and fortified cereal
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30
Q

What is the difference between Folate and Folic Acid?

A

Folate requires specific intestinal enzymes for digestion and is less bioavailable

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31
Q

What is the main function of Vitamin B12?

A

Necessary for red blood cell formation and neurological function

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32
Q

What is required for the absorption of Vitamin B12?

A
  • Intrinsic factor
  • Stomach acid
  • Calcium
  • Folate
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33
Q

What can interfere with Vitamin B12 absorption?

A

Lack of intrinsic factor, low stomach acid, Metformin

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34
Q

What is folate also known as?

A

Vitamin B9

Folate is essential for DNA synthesis and metabolism.

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35
Q

What can interfere with folate absorption?

A
  • Lack of intrinsic factor
  • Low stomach acid
  • Metformin (used to treat type 2 diabetes)

These factors can hinder the body’s ability to absorb folate effectively.

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36
Q

How is vitamin B12 absorbed in the stomach?

A

Vitamin B12 is bound to protein in food and is freed by hydrochloric acid and gastric enzymes

This process is essential for its subsequent absorption in the small intestine.

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37
Q

What complex is formed in the small intestine for B12 absorption?

A

B-12 binds to intrinsic factor to form the IF/B-12 complex

Intrinsic factor is produced by parietal cells in the stomach.

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38
Q

Where does the B-12 Intrinsic Factor complex attach for absorption?

A

The ileum

Special receptors on the intestinal lining facilitate this process.

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39
Q

What is one of the main roles of vitamin B12 in the body?

A

DNA synthesis and homocysteine metabolism

B12 works closely with folate to ensure proper DNA synthesis.

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40
Q

What happens when there is a deficiency of vitamin B12?

A

Impaired DNA synthesis leading to megaloblastic anemia

This condition results in the production of large, dysfunctional red blood cells.

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41
Q

What does B12 do in homocysteine metabolism?

A

B12 acts as a coenzyme for methionine synthase, converting homocysteine to methionine

Folate provides the necessary methyl group for this reaction.

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42
Q

What are some functions of vitamin B12?

A
  • Keeps red blood cells healthy
  • Helps make DNA
  • Prevents megaloblastic anemia
  • Regulates homocysteine levels
  • Maintains nervous system health

These functions are crucial for overall health.

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43
Q

What is another name for vitamin C?

A

Ascorbic acid

Vitamin C is an essential nutrient with various roles in the body.

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44
Q

Where can vitamin C be found?

A
  • Peppers
  • Citrus fruits
  • Papaya
  • Broccoli
  • Cabbage
  • Berries

These are rich sources of vitamin C.

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45
Q

What is the primary function of vitamin C?

A

Acts as an antioxidant and aids in collagen formation

It also plays a role in immune function and enhances iron absorption.

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46
Q

True or False: Vitamin C is stable in the presence of heat.

A

False

Vitamin C is unstable when exposed to heat, cooking, or boiling.

47
Q

What is the full name of vitamin A?

A

Retinoid

Vitamin A is crucial for vision and maintaining healthy tissues.

48
Q

In what forms is vitamin A found?

A
  • Retinol
  • Retinal
  • Retinoic acid
  • Beta-carotene

These forms play various roles in the body, especially in vision.

49
Q

What role does vitamin A play in vision?

A

Helps maintain the cornea and converts light energy into nerve impulses

This process is crucial for seeing in low light conditions.

50
Q

What is the full name of vitamin D?

A

Calciferol

Vitamin D is important for calcium absorption and bone health.

51
Q

What is the most biologically active form of vitamin D?

A

1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D (D3, calcitriol)

This form is crucial for various bodily functions.

52
Q

Name some food sources of vitamin D.

A
  • Salmon
  • Eggs
  • Milk
  • Salami
  • Tuna

These foods are rich in vitamin D.

53
Q

What can inhibit vitamin D synthesis in the skin?

A
  • Melanin pigment
  • Low sunlight exposure

Darker skin requires more sunlight for adequate vitamin D production.

54
Q

What are some benefits of vitamin D?

A
  • Assists in calcium and phosphorus absorption
  • Protects against cognitive decline
  • Regulates adipose cells

These benefits are vital for overall health.

55
Q

What is the full name of vitamin E?

A

Alpha tocopherol

Vitamin E is known for its antioxidant properties.

56
Q

What are some food sources of vitamin E?

A
  • Peanut butter
  • Nuts
  • Oils
  • Asparagus
  • Avocado

These foods are significant sources of vitamin E.

57
Q

What is a major role of vitamin E in the body?

A

Acts as an antioxidant to protect cell membranes

It prevents lipid peroxidation and reduces oxidative stress.

58
Q

What can excessive amounts of vitamin E lead to?

A

Interference with blood clotting and increased risk of hemorrhage

This highlights the importance of moderation in vitamin E intake.

59
Q

What is the full name of vitamin K?

A

Quinone family

Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting and bone health.

60
Q

What are the main dietary forms of vitamin K?

A
  • Phylloquinone (K1)
  • Menaquinones (K2)

K1 is primarily found in plants, while K2 is found in animal products.

61
Q

What is one function of vitamin K?

A

Helps with blood clotting

It is crucial for synthesizing clotting factors in the body.

62
Q

What is choline important for?

A
  • Neurotransmitter and phospholipid synthesis
  • Emulsifier
  • Methionine metabolism

Choline is vital for various metabolic processes.

63
Q

What is carnitine’s role in the body?

A

Transports long-chain free fatty acids into the mitochondria for energy metabolism

Vitamin C is required for its synthesis.

64
Q

What deficiency is associated with thiamin?

A

Beriberi

This deficiency can cause neurological and cardiac issues.

65
Q

What are olipids that are precursors to eicosanoids?

A

They serve a regulatory role in cells.

66
Q

What is taurine?

A

A component of bile.

67
Q

What is lipoic acid?

A

A component of metabolic reactions that remove CO2 from compounds, and is an antioxidant.

68
Q

Identify the deficiency of thiamin.

A

Beriberi, which includes neurological and cardiac issues.

69
Q

What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

A

A degenerative brain disorder due to thiamine deficiency.

70
Q

List symptoms of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

A
  • Abnormal eye movement
  • Staggering gait
  • Distorted thought process
71
Q

What is ariboflavinosis?

A

A deficiency of riboflavin characterized by sore throat, skin inflammation, and mouth sores.

72
Q

What is pellagra?

A

A deficiency of niacin leading to dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death.

73
Q

List broader symptoms of niacin deficiency.

A
  • Pigmented rash
  • Discolored skin
  • Bright red tongue
  • Depression
  • Apathy
  • Headache
  • Fatigue
  • Memory loss
74
Q

What increases the risk of niacin deficiency?

A
  • Alcohol abuse
  • Eating disorders
75
Q

What are symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency?

A
  • Microcytic anemia
  • Dermatitis
  • Neurological disturbances
76
Q

What are the symptoms of biotin deficiency?

A
  • Hair loss
  • Skin rash
  • Neurological symptoms (rare)
77
Q

What are the consequences of folate deficiency during pregnancy?

A
  • Megaloblastic anemia
  • Neural tube defects
78
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

A condition where the spine forms improperly and bones fail to enclose the spinal cord.

79
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

A condition where portions of the brain are malformed or missing, leading to death shortly after birth.

80
Q

What characterizes megaloblastic anemia?

A

Abnormally large red blood cells (megaloblasts) due to folate deficiency.

81
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A

A type of ‘destructive anemia’ seen in stomach issues due to vitamin B12 deficiency.

82
Q

What is scurvy?

A

A deficiency of vitamin C characterized by fatigue, weakness, irritability, and poor wound healing.

83
Q

What are symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?

A
  • Night blindness
  • Xerophthalmia
  • Keratinization
  • Increased susceptibility to infectious diseases
84
Q

What can cause vitamin A toxicity?

A
  • Birth defects
  • Liver damage
  • Hair loss
  • Reduced bone density
85
Q

What is the role of calbindin?

A

A protein that binds calcium in intestinal cells.

86
Q

How is vitamin D synthesized from UVB light?

A

UVB radiation converts skin cholesterol into previtamin D3, which is transformed into active vitamin D in the liver and kidneys.

87
Q

What is anaerobic glycolysis?

A

A metabolic process converting glucose to pyruvate in the absence of oxygen.

88
Q

What is the main outcome of aerobic glycolysis?

A

Complete oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water, producing approximately 36-38 ATP.

89
Q

What is the Cori cycle?

A

A metabolic pathway between muscles and the liver during anaerobic conditions.

90
Q

What is beta oxidation?

A

A catabolic process by which fatty acids are broken down in mitochondria.

91
Q

What is the purpose of amino acid metabolism?

A

To break down amino acids for energy production.

92
Q

What is the ketogenic pathway?

A

A metabolic pathway producing ketone bodies from excess acetyl-CoA in the liver mitochondria.

93
Q

What is the primary pathway for moderate alcohol consumption?

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase pathway.

94
Q

What is the outcome of the citric acid cycle?

A

To oxidize acetyl-CoA and produce high-energy molecules (NADH, FADH2) and carbon dioxide.

95
Q

What are the end results of the Krebs cycle?

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, 2 CO2

The Krebs cycle is also known as the citric acid cycle or TCA cycle.

96
Q

Where does the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) occur?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

The ETC is a series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons.

97
Q

What is the purpose of the Electron Transport Chain?

A

Use electrons from NADH and FADH2 to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation

This process also produces water and regenerates NAD+ and FAD.

98
Q

Fill in the blank: NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to complexes ______ and ______.

99
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain?

100
Q

What causes Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (AFLD)?

A

Chronic alcohol consumption

This disrupts liver metabolism, leading to fat accumulation.

101
Q

What mechanism leads to fat accumulation in Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease?

A

Ethanol metabolism produces large amounts of NADH

Excess NADH inhibits fatty acid oxidation and promotes fatty acid synthesis.

102
Q

What is a consequence of excess NADH in the liver?

A

Inhibits fatty acid oxidation and promotes fatty acid synthesis

This can lead to triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes.

103
Q

What is the cause of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease?

A

Abnormal accumulation of fat in the liver not caused by alcohol consumption

104
Q

What metabolic condition is associated with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease?

A

Insulin resistance

Insulin-resistant cells do not effectively take up glucose and fatty acids.

105
Q

What is the goal of the fed state (0-4 hours after eating)?

A

Store excess nutrients and maintain normal blood glucose

106
Q

Which hormone is dominant in the fed state?

107
Q

What metabolic changes occur during the fed state?

A
  • Glucose uptake (muscle, adipose)
  • Glycogenesis (liver, muscle)
  • Lipogenesis (fat storage)
  • Protein synthesis
108
Q

What inhibits gluconeogenesis during the fed state?

109
Q

What hormone increases during the feasting state?

110
Q

What happens during early starvation (24-48 hours)?

A
  • Glycogen stores are depleted
  • Glucose levels drop
  • Gluconeogenesis kicks in
  • Lipolysis occurs
  • Ketone bodies begin forming
111
Q

What is the main energy source during late starvation (days to weeks)?

A

Fat stores

112
Q

Fill in the blank: The brain shifts to use ______ bodies to preserve muscle protein during starvation.

113
Q

What slows down during late starvation to conserve lean tissue?

A

Proteolysis

NURS 1120 (1 decks)

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