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Vital Vocabulary Flashcards

0
Q

Absorption

A

The process by which the molecules of a substance are moved from he site of entry or administration into systemic circulation.

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1
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

The early phase of cardiac repolarization, wherein the heart muscle cannot be stimulated to depolarize, also known as the effective refractory period.

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2
Q

AChE

A

An enzyme that breaks down ACh.

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3
Q

Active metabolite

A

A medication that has undergone biotransformation and is able to alter a cellular process or function of the body.

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4
Q

Active transport

A

The process of molecules binding with carrier proteins when energy is used to move the molecules against a concentration gradient.

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5
Q

Affinity

A

The ability of a medication to bind wit a particular receptor site.

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6
Q

Agonist medications

A

The group of medications hat initiate or alter a cellular activity by attaching to receptor sites, prompting a cellular response.

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7
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

An extreme systemic form of an allergic reaction involving two or more body systems.

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8
Q

Antagonist medications

A

The group of medications that prevent endogenous or exogenous agonist chemicals from reaching cell receptor sites and initiating or altering a particular cellular activity.

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9
Q

Antibiotics

A

The medications use to fight infections by killing the microorganisms or preventing their multiplication to allow the body’s immune system overcome them.

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10
Q

Antifungals

A

The medication used to fight fungal infections.

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11
Q

Antimicrobials

A

The medication used to kill or suppress the growth of microorganisms

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12
Q

Automaticity

A

A state which cardiac cells are at rest, waiting for the generation of a spontaneous impulse from within.

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13
Q

Bioavailability

A

The percent of unchanged medication that reaches systemic circulation.

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14
Q

Biotransformation

A

A process with four possible effects on a medication absorbed into the body.

  1. An inactive substance can become active, capable of producing desired or unwanted clinical effects.
  2. An active medication can be changed into another active medication
  3. an active medication be completely or partially inactivated.
  4. A medication is transformed into a substance(active or inactive) that is easier for the body to eliminate.
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15
Q

Cheating agents

A

Medications that bind with heavy metals in the body and create a compound that can be eliminated, used in cases of ingestion or poisoning.

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16
Q

Cholinergic

A

A term used to describe fibers kin the parasympathetic nervous system that release a chemical called ACh.

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17
Q

Competitive antagonists

A

The medications that temporarily bind with cellular receptor sites, displacing agonist chemicals.

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18
Q

Competitive depolarizing

A

A term used to describe paralytic agents that act at the neuromuscular junction by binding with nicotinic receptors on muscles, causing fasciculations and preventing additional activation by ACh.

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19
Q

Cross tolerance

A

A process where repeated exposure to a medication within a particular class causes a tolerance at may be “transferred” to other medications in the same class.

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20
Q

Cumulative action

A

Several smaller doses of a particular medication capable of producing the same clinical effects as a single larger dose of that same medication.

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21
Q

Cytochrome P-450 system

A

A hero protein involved in detoxification of many drugs.

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22
Q

Dependence

A

The physical, behavioral, or emotional need for a medication or chemical in order to maintain “normal” physiologic function.

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23
Q

Depolarization

A

The process of discharging resting cardiac muscle fibers by electric impulse that causes them to contract.

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24
Depressant
A chemical or medication that decreases the performance of the CNS or sympathetic nervous system.
25
Distribution
The movemtent and transportation of a medication throughout the blood stream to tissues and cells and ultimately to its target receptor.
26
Diuretic
A chemical that increases urinary output.
27
Dose response curve
A graphic illustration of the response of a drug according to dose administered.
28
Dosing
The specific amount of a medication to be given at specific intervals.
29
Down-regulation
The process in which a mechanism reducing available cell receptors for a particular medication results in tolerance.
30
Duration of effect
The time a medication concentration can be expected to remain above the minimum level needed to provide the intended action.
31
Dystonic
Pertaining to voluntary muscle movements that are distorted or impaired because of abnormal muscle tone.
32
Ectopic foci
Sites of generation of electrical impulses other than normal pacemaker cells.
33
Efficacy
In the pharmacologic context, the ability of the medication to produce the desired effect.
34
Elimination
The the pharmacologic context, the removal of a medication or its byproducts from the body.
35
Endogenous
Originating from within the organism(body)
36
Exogenous
Originating outside the organism(body)
37
Extravasation
Seepage of blood and medication into he tissue surrounding the blood vessel.
38
Facilitated diffusion
The process of medication molecules binding with carrier proteins when no energy is expended.
39
Fasciculation
Brief, uncoordinated, visible twitching of small muscle groups;may be caused by the administration of a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent.
40
Filtration
Use of hydrostatic pressure to force water or dissolved particles through a semipermeable membrane.
41
First order elimination
The process which the rate of elimination is directly influenced by plasma levels of a substance.
42
Habituation
The unusual tolerance to he therapeutic and adverse clinical effects of a medication or chemical.
43
Half life
The time needed in an average person for metabolism or elimination of 50% of a substance in the plasma
44
Hematocrit
The percentage of RBCs in a blood sample.
45
Hemolysis
The destruction of RBC by disruption of the cell membrane.
46
Hydrophilic
Attracted to water molecules
47
Idiosyncratic
In the pharmacologic context, abnormal susceptibility to a medication, possibly due to genetic traits or dysfunction of a metabolic enzyme, that is peculiar to an individual patient(and usually unexplained)
48
Inactive metabolite
A medication that had undergone bio transformation and is now no longer able to later a cell process or body function;not pharmacologically active.
49
Ions
Charged particles
50
Interference
One medication or chemical taken by a patient that undermines the effectiveness of mother medication taken by or administered to a patient
51
Lipophilic
Attracted to fats and lipids
52
Median effective dose (ED%50)
The weight based dose of a medication that as effective in 50% of the humans and animals tested.
53
Median lethal dose(LD%50)
The weight based dose of a medication that caused death in 50% of the animals tested.
54
Median toxic dose(TD%50)
The weight based dose of a medication that demonstrated toxicity in 50% of animals tested.
55
Medication monograph
A document that gives detailed information about drugs, such as indications and uses, dosing information, precautions,contraindications, and adverse effects.
56
Medication sensitivity
A mild to severe reaction after the first exposure to a medication or other substance, often with many of the same signs and symptoms as an immune-mediated reaction.
57
Noncompetitive antagonists
Medications that perminately bind with receptor sites and prevent activation by agonist chemicals.
58
Nondepolarizing
A term used to describe drugs that produce muscle relaxation by interfering with impulses between the nerve ending and muscle receptor.
59
Nonionic
Uncharged
60
Onset
Th time needed for the concentration of the medication at the target tissue to reach the minimum effective level.
61
Osmosis
The movement of a solvent,such as water,across a semi permeable membrane to equalize concentrations of a solute on both sides of the membrane.
62
Osmotic
Characterized by the movement of a solvent, such as water,across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower to higher concentration of solute molecules.
63
Paradoxical
Opposite from expected
64
Partial agonist
A chemical that binds to a receptor site but does not initiate as much cellular activity or change as other agonists do;lowers the efficacy of other agonist chemicals present at the cells.
65
Peak
In the pharmacologic context, the point of maximum effect of a drug.
66
Pharmacodynamics
The biochemical and physiologic effects and mechanism of action of a medication in the body.
67
Pharmacokinetics
The fate of medications in the body, such as distribution and elimination.
68
Pharmacology
The scientific study of how various substances interact with or alter the function of living organisms.
69
Pinocytosis
A process by which cells ingest the extra cellular fluid and its contents.
70
Placebo effect
In he pharmacologic context,the positive and negative effects of a inactive medication on a person that are related to the persons expectations and other factors.
71
Plasma protein binding
A process in which medication molecules temporarily attach to proteins in the blood plasma, significantly altering medication distribution in the body.
72
Potently
The relationship between the desired response of a medication and the dose required to achieve the response.
73
Receptor
A specialized area of tissues that initiates certain actions after specific stimulation.
74
Relative refractory period
The period in cell-firing cycle at which it is possible, but difficult to restimulate the cell to fire another impulse.
75
Stevens Johnson syndrome
A severe, possibly fatal reaction that mimics a burn, may be due to a medication.
76
Stimulant
A medication or chemical st temporarily enhances the CNS and sympathic nervous system functioning.
77
Sympathomimetics
Medications administered to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system.
78
Tachyphylaxis
A condition in which repeated doses of medication within a short period rapidly cause tolerance,making the medication virtually ineffective.
79
Therapeutic index
He relationship between the ld50, td50 and ed50 also know as the therapeutic ratio.
80
Threshold level
In the pharmacologic context, the concentraition of medication at which initiation or alteration of cellular activity begins.
81
Untoward effects
A clinical change caused by a medication that causes harm or discomfort to a patient;also known as an adverse effect
82
Vaughn-Williams
A classification scheme based on the mechanism of action rather than specific specific medication groups.
83
Volume of distribution
The extent to which a medication will spread within e body.
84
Water soluble
A property that indicates a material can be dissolved in water.
85
Zero order elimination
A process in which a fixed amount of a substance is removed during a certain period, regardless of the total amount in the body.

Pharm (2 decks)

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