VIT MDSP Elements Flashcards
(320 cards)
1
Q
The other term of precipitation hardening is:
A
Age hardening
2
Q
It occurs in some metals, notably certain stainless steel, aluminum, and copper alloys at ambient temperature after solution heat treatment, the process being one of a constituent precipitating from solid solution. Where used, the consequences include increased strength and hardness, decrease ductility.
A
Age hardening
3
Q
The aging at moderately elevated temperature expedites the process and is called:
A
Artificial Aging
4
Q
A substance with metallic properties, compound of two or more elements of which at least one is metal.
A
Alloy
5
Q
In steel are usually considered to be the metallic elements added for the purpose of modifying the properties.
A
Alloying elements
6
Q
It is the characteristics of exhibiting different properties when tested in different directions (as tensile strength “with grain” or “across the grain”).
A
Anisotropy
7
Q
It is a tendency to fracture without appreciable deformation.
A
Brittleness
8
Q
It is one in which specimen, supported at both ends as a simple beam, is broken by the impact of a falling pendulum. The energy absorbed in breaking the specimen is a measure of the impact strength of the metal.
A
Charpy Test
9
Q
It is the brittleness of metals at ordinary or low temperatures.
A
Cold Shortness
10
Q
It is the process of deforming a metal plastically at a temperature below the recrystallization temperature and at a rate to produce strain hardening.
A
Cold Working
11
Q
Steel that is frequently used because it increases strength and machinability, and improves surface finish.
A
Cold-drawn Steel
12
Q
Commercial amounts of cold working of steel are of the order of :
A
10 to 20 %
13
Q
It is the ability of a material to absorb or damp vibrations, which is a process of absorbing kinetic energy of vibration owing to hysteresis. The absorbed energy is eventually dissipated to the surroundings as heat.
A
Damping Capacity
14
Q
It is a loss of carbon from the surface of steel, occurring during hot rolling, forging, and heat treating, when surrounding medium reacts with the carbon (as oxygen and carbon combining).
A
Decarburization
15
Q
It is the property that permits permanent deformation before fracture in tension.
A
Ductility
16
Q
The percent elongation for ductile materials.
A
Greater than 5% in 2-in. gage
17
Q
The percent elongation in brittle materials.
A
Less than 5% in 2-in. gage
18
Q
It is the ability of a material to be deformed and to return to the original shape.
A
Elasticity
19
Q
It involves the loss of ductility because of a physical or chemical change of the material.
A
Embrittlement
20
Q
It is the part of the carbon content of steel or iron that is in the form of graphite or temper carbon.
A
Free Carbon
21
Q
It is a temper produced in wire, rod, or tube by cold drawing.
A
Hard drawn
22
Q
Materials that have the same structure at all points.
A
Homogeneous materials
23
Q
Materials that have the same properties in all directions.
A
Isotropic
24
Q
A test in which specimen, supported at one end as a cantilever beam, is broken by the impact of a falling pendulum. The energy absorbed in breaking the specimen is a measure of the impact strength.
A
Izod Test
25
A steel that has been deoxidized with a strong deoxidizing agent such as silicon or aluminum, in order to eliminate a reaction between the carbon and oxygen during solidification.
Killed Steel
26
It is somewhat indefinite property that refers to the relative ease with which a material can be cut.
Machinability
27
The material’s susceptibility to extreme deformation in rolling or hammering.
Malleability
28
Are those that have to do with stress and strain: ultimate strength and percent elongation.
Mechanical properties
29
It is the extension in the vicinity of the fracture of a tensile specimen, expressed as a percentage of the original gage length as 20% in 2 in.
Percent elongation
30
It is the smallest area at the point of rupture of a tensile specimen divided by the original area.
Percent reduction of area
31
It exclude mechanical properties, and are other physical properties such as density, conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion.
Physical properties
32
It is the ability of the metal to be deformed considerably without rupture. In this deformation the material does not return to its original shape.
Plasticity
33
It is the ratio of lateral strain (contraction) to the longitudinal strain (extension) when the element is loaded with a longitudinal force.
Poission’s ratio
34
It is the stress which causes a specified permanent deformation of material usually 0.01% or less.
Proof stress
35
It is a brittleness in steel when it is red hot.
Red shortness
36
It is associated with creep and decreasing stress at a constant strain; important for metals in high temperature service.
Relaxation
37
Are those not due to applied loads or temperature gradients; they exists for various reasons, as unequal cooling rates, cold working etc.
Residual Stresses
38
It is incompletely deoxidized steel. Ingots of this steel have a surface layer quite free of slag inclusions and gas pockets, which results in the optimum surface on rolled sheets.
Rimmed steel
39
It is the process of holding an alloy at suitably high temperature long enough to permit one or more constituents to pass into solid solution and then cooling fast enough to hold the constituents as a supersaturated solution.
Solution heat treatment
40
It is the ability to resist deformation. It is measured by the modulus of elasticity in the elastic range; the higher the modulus, the stiffer is the material.
Stiffness
41
It is increasing the hardness and strength by plastic deformation at temperatures lower than the recrystallization range.
Strain Hardening
42
It is condition produced in a non-ferrous metal by mechanical or thermal treatment; for example, annealed temper (soft), hard temper, and spring temper.
Temper
43
It is the capacity of material to withstand a shock load without breaking.
Toughness
44
It refers to the results of a transverse bend test, the specimen being mounted as a simple beam.
Transverse Strength
45
The other term for transverse strength and frequently applied to brittle materials, especially cast iron.
Rupture Modulus
46
The other term same as strain hardening.
Work Hardening
47
It is the steel that has been hammered, rolled, or drawn in the process of manufacture; it may be plain carbon or alloy steel.
Wrought Steel
48
It is an operation or combination of operations involving the heating and cooling of metal or an alloy in the solid state for the purpose of altering the properties of the material.
Heat Treatment
49
It is a change in a metal by which its structure recovers from an unstable or metastable condition that has been produced by quenching or cold working.
Aging or Age Hardening
50
A comprehensive term, is a heating and slow cooling of a solid metal usually done to soften it.
Annealing
51
Other purposes of Annealing include those:
Altering the mechanical and physical properties
Producing a particular microstructure, removing internal stresses (Stress relieving) and removing gases
52
The same meaning as the Transformation Range.
Critical Range
53
It is often used to mean tempering, but this usage conflicts with the meaning of the drawing of a material through a die and is to be avoided.
Drawing
54
It causes the combined carbon to transform wholly or on part into graphitic or free carbon; it is applied to cast iron, sometimes to high-carbon steel.
Graphitizing
55
It is the heating of certain steels above the transformation range then quenching, for the purpose of increasing the hardness.
Hardening
56
It is an annealing process whereby combined carbon in white cast iron is transformed wholly or on part to temper carbon.
Malleablizing
57
It is the heating of an iron-base alloy to some 100 deg. F above the transformation range with subsequent cooling to below that range in still air at room temperature. The purpose is to produce uniform structure.
Normalizing
58
It is any heating and cooling of steel that produces a rounded or globular form of carbide. Typically, it is prolonged heating at a temperature slightly below the transformation range usually followed by slow cooling; or for small objects of high carbon steel, it may be prolonged heating alternately within and slightly below the transformation range.
Spheroidizing
59
It is the heating of a metal body to a suitable temperature (generally just below the transformation range for steel, say 1100-1200 deg. F) and holding it at that temperature for suitable time (1 to 3 hrs for steel) for the purpose of reducing internal residual stresses.
Stress Relieving
60
It is reheating of hardened or normalized steel to a temperature below the transformation range, followed by any desired rate of cooling.
Tempering
61
For ferrous metals, it is the temperature interval during which austenite is formed during heating; it is also the temperature interval during which austenite disappears during cooling. Thus, there are two ranges; these may overlap but never coincide. The range on heating is higher than cooling.
Transformation Range
62
It is the measure of the material’s resistance to indentation.
Hardness
63
The common instruments used to determine hardness:
Brinell
Rockwell
Vickers
Shore Scleroscope
64
The tester faster than Brinell and is widely used commercially. It utilizes several different indenters and, in effect, measures what?
depth of the penetration by the indenter
65
What are the different indenters of Rockwell tester?
Rockwell B E: hard steel ball
Rockwell C A D: conical diamond (brale)
66
A tester that has a square-base, diamond pyramid indenter whose number is the load in kilograms divided by the impressed area in square millimeters.
Vicker Tester
67
A tester in which the number is obtained by letting a freely falling hammer with a diamond point strike the object to be tested and measuring the height of rebound.
Shore Scleroscope
68
The term used for hardness of perhaps 600 Brinell.
Hard File
69
The meaning of ASTM.
American Society of Testing Materials
70
The specifications of SAE means what?
Society of Automotive Engineers
71
Used for tubings, forgings, pressed-steel parts, screws, rivets, and for carburized case-hardened parts.
Carbon, 10-20 points (10XX groups)
72
The specifications of AISI mean what?
American Iron and Steel Institute
73
SAE 1XXX ________
SAE 11XX ________
SAE 2XXX ________
SAE 1030 or AISI 1030 ___________
SAE 10XX _________
SAE 11XX _________
SAE 13XX _________
SAE 14XX _________
SAE 2XXX _________
SAE 3XXX _________
SAE 303XX _____________
1XXX Plain carbon
11XX Plain carbon steel with greater sulfur content for free cutting
2XXX Nickel steel
SAE 1030 or AISI 1030 0..30% carbon or 30 points carbon
SAE 10XX Plain carbon
SAE 11XX Free cutting
SAE 13XX Manganese
SAE 14XX Boron
SAE 2XXX Nickel
SAE 3XXX Nickel-chromium
SAE 303XX Heat and Corrosion Resistant
74
SAE 4XXX ________
SAE 41XX ________
SAE 46XX ________
SAE 47XX ________
SAE 48XX ________
SAE 5XXX ________
SAE 514XX _________
SAE 515XX _________
SAE 6XXX _________
SAE 8XXX _________
SAE 92XX __________
SAE 9XXX __________
SAE 4XXX Molybdenum
SAE 41XX Molybdenum-chromium
SAE 46XX Molybdenum-nickel
SAE 47XX Molybdenum-chromium-nickel
SAE 48XX Molybdenum-nickel
SAE 5XXX Chromium
SAE 514XX Heat and corrosion resistant
SAE 515XX Heat and corrosion resistant
SAE 6XXX Chromium-vanadium
SAE 8XXX Nickel-chromium-molybdenum
SAE 92XX Silicon-manganese
SAE 9XXX Nickel-chromium-molybdenum (except 92XX)
75
Due to higher sulfur content in certain grades, it is free-cutting and food for use of in automatic screw machines for miscellaneous parts including screws; it may also be carburized.
Carbon, 10-20 points (11XX)
76
General purpose grades, used for forged and machined parts, screws; also for boiler plate and structural steel.
Carbon, 20-30 points
77
With 0.40-0.50% C, frequently used for miscellaneous forged machined parts; shafts. Frequently heat treated for improved mechanical properties. Cold finish for shafting and similar parts?
Carbon, 30-55 points
78
Maybe hardened to a good cutting edge, especially in the higher ranges of carbon therefore, used for tools. Also for springs. High strength, low ductility. Nearly always heat treated, say, to a Brinell hardness of 375 or higher.
Carbon 60-95 points
79
A steel that contains significant quantities of recognized alloying metals.
Wrought iron
80
Used to improve the hardenability of steel, to reduce distortion from heat treatment, to increase toughness, ductility, and tensile strength, and to improve low-temperature or high temperature properties.
Alloys
81
An efficient deoxidizer, an alloy in nitriding steels (nitrialloys), and it promotes fine grain size.
Aluminum
82
In very small amounts (0.001% or less) is an economical hardenability agent in low-or-medium-carbon deoxidized steels. It has no effect on tensile strength.
Boron
83
It improves hardenability economically, resistance to corrosion (with other alloys), strength at high temperature, and wearing properties (high carbon).
Chromium
84
It improves red hardness.
Cobalt
85
It is often used to “stabilize” stainless steel (that is, it preempts the carbon and forestalls the formation of undesired carbides).
Columbium
86
It improves steel’s resistance to atmospheric corrosion and increases the fluidity of the melt; it improves tensile strength and yield ratio at normalized condition.
Copper
87
It improves the machinability, but affects different alloys differently.
Lead
88
It improves strength and increases hardenability moderately, counteracts brittleness for sulfur.
Manganese
89
It becomes an alloying element when its amount exceeds about 0.6% as in the 13XX steels.
Manganese
90
It contains 1.2% Carbon and 12-13% Manganese and responds to work hardening most readily.
Austenitic Manganese Steels
91
It increases hardenability markedly and economically (when Mo>Cr), tends to counteract temper brittleness, improving creep strength and red hardness. It improves wear by forming abrasion-resistant particles.
Molybdenum
92
Strengthens unquenched and annealed steels, toughens steel (especially at low temperatures), and simplifies heat treatment by lessening distortion.
Nickel
93
It increases hardenability, strengthens low-carbon steels, improves machinability of stainless steel; also added to leaded resulfurized carbon steels for the same purpose.
Selenium
94
It strengthens low-alloy steels and improves resistance to high temperature oxidation; it is a good general-purpose deoxidizer and promotes fine grain.
Silicon
95
It is a Stabilizer.
Tantalum
96
It is used for deoxidation and for stabilizing austenitic stainless steels (preventing intergranular corrosion and embrittlement); it increases the hardness and strength of low-carbon steel and improves creep strength).
Titanium
97
It increases the hardenability markedly in small amounts and improves hardness and strength at high temperature. An expensive alloy, it is used only where particular advantage results, as in high-speed tool steel in which it forms a hard, abrasion –resisting carbide).
Tungsten
98
It promotes fine-grain structure, improves the ratio of endurance strength to ultimate strength of medium carbon-steels (average of about 0.57), increases hardenability strongly when dissolved, and results in retention of strength and hardness at high temperature; it is the most effective element in retarding softening and tempering.
Vanadium
99
It is the capacity of steel to through-harden when cooled from above its transformation range.
Hardenability
100
It is the process of adding carbon to the surface of steel by exposing it to hot carbonaceous solid, liquids, or gases above the transformation temperature.
Carburizing
101
The part is immersed in a molten salt bath that imparts a case similar to that obtained with gas or pack carburizing except that the case in thinner, usually not in excess of about 0.025 in.
Liquid carburizing
102
It is accomplished by immersing the part in a hot (about 1550 deg. F) liquid salt bath, sodium cyanide (NaCN) being a common medium in both processes.
Cyaniding
103
The machined and heat-treated part is placed in a nitrogenous environment, commonly ammonia gas, at temperatures much lower that those used in the previously described processes say 1000 deg. F for somewhat less.
Nitriding
104
It is the process of case hardening steel by simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen from a surrounding hot gaseous atmosphere, followed by either quenching or slow cooling, as required.
Carbonitriding
105
It consists of heating a thin surface layer preferably of annealed or normalized steel above the transformation range by electrical induction and then cooling, as required in water, oil, air, or gas.
Induction Heating
106
It is the process of heating the surface of an iron-base alloy, which is preferably annealed or normalized and then quenching it.
Flame Hardening
107
It is the result of a metal being stressed at some point into its plastic range, usually ordinary temperatures (certainly below recrystallization temperature); metal cold worked in this manner becomes stronger and more brittle.
Work hardening
108
It is made by burning carbon from molten iron then putting the product through hammering and rolling operations.
Wrought Iron
109
It is heat-treated white cast iron.
Malleable Cast Iron
110
The heat treatment of the white cast iron, in which substantially all of the carbon is combined in the form of iron carbide, is an annealing called:
Malleablizing
111
Nodular Cast Iron is also called:
Ductile Iron
112
Age hardening is usually termed as ___ with reference to stainless, which occurs because of the precipitation of a constituent from a supersaturated solid solution.
Precipitation Hardening
113
Are toothed wheels whose tooth elements are straight and parallel to the shaft axis; they are used to transmit motion and power between parallel shafts.
Spur Gears
114
It is the basis of measurement of gears.
Pitch Circle
115
The size of a gear is called
Pitch Diameter
116
It is the trace of the:
Pitch cylinder
117
It is the point of the pitch circles; for individual gear, the pitch point will be located where the tooth profile cuts the standard pitch circle.
Pitch Point
118
It is the circle that bounds the outer ends of the teeth.
Addendum Circle (also called outside circle)
119
The radial distance between the pitch circle and the addendum circle is called:
Addendum
120
It is the circle that bounds the bottom of the teeth.
Dedendum Circle
121
The radial distance from the pitch circle to the root circle, that is, to the bottom of the tooth space.
Dedendum
122
The ____ is equal to the addendum plus dedendum.
Whole depth
123
The ____ is equal to the radial distance from the addendum circle to the working depth circle.
Working depth
124
It marks the distance that the mating tooth projects into the tooth space; it is the sum of the addendums of mating gears.
Working depth circle
125
The ____ is the radial distance between the working-depth circle and the root circle; it is the dedendum minus the mating addendum.
Clearance
126
It is also called tooth thickness. It is the width of tooth measured along the pitch circle.
Circular thickness
127
It is the toothed width space between teeth measured along the chord of pitch circle.
Chordal thickness
128
It is the tooth space minus the circular thickness.
Backlash
129
It is the surface of the tooth between the pitch circle and root cylinders.
flank
130
It is the surface of the top of the tooth.
Top land
131
It is the surface of the bottom of the tooth space.
Bottom land
132
When two gears mesh, the smaller is called:
pinion
133
When two gears mesh, the larger is called:
gear
134
The angle through which the gear turns from the time a particular pair of teeth come into contact until they go out of contact.
Angle of action
135
It is the angle through which the gear turns from the time a given pair of teeth are in contact at the pitch point until they pass out of mesh.
Angle of recess
136
It is the angular velocity of the driver divided by the angular velocity of the driven gear.
Velocity ratio
137
It is the number of teeth in the gear divided by the number of teeth in the pinion.
Gear ratio
138
Describes a time-temperature-depending change in the properties of certain alloys.
Aging
139
A term denoting a treatment consisting of heating to and holding suitable temperature followed by cooling at a suitable rate used primarily to soften but also to simultaneously produce desired changes in other properties or in microstructure.
Annealing
140
Box or Pot annealing used mainly for sheet, trip or wire.
Black Annealing
141
Heating hot-rolled sheet in an open furnace to a temperature within the transformation range and then cooling in air, to soften the metal. The formation of a bluish oxide on the surface is incidental.
Blue Annealing
142
Annealing is a sealed container under conditions that minimizes oxidation. This is also called “closed annealing” or “pot annealing”.
Box Annealing
143
Annealing in protective medium to prevent discoloration of the bright surface.
Bright Annealing
144
Annealing process employing predetermined and closely controlled time-temperature cycle to produce specific properties or microstructure.
Cycle Annealing
145
Annealing in which the heat is applied directly to the flame.
Flame Annealing
146
Austenitizing and then cooling at a rate such that the hardness of the product approaches a minimum.
Full Annealing
147
Annealing in such a way that some or all of the carbon is precipitated as graphite.
Graphatizing
148
Annealing at one or more stages during manufacture and before final thermal treatment.
Intermediate Annealing
149
Austenitizing and then cooling to and holding at a temperature at which austenite transforms to a relatively soft ferrite-carbide aggregate.
Isothermal Annealing
150
A term used to denote various heat treatments that improve workability. For the term to be meaningful, the condition of the material and the time-temperature cycle used must be stated.
Process Annealing
151
Annealing an austenitic alloy by solution heat treatment.
Quench Annealing
152
Heating and cooling in a cycle designed to produce a spheroidal or globular form of carbide.
Spheroidizing
153
Quenching from a temperature above the transformation range in medium having rate of heat abstraction high enough to prevent the formation of high temperature formation products.
Austempering
154
Forming of austenite by heating into the transformation (partial austenitizing) or above transformation (full austenitizing) range.
Austenitizing
155
Heating at low temperature in order to remove entrained gases.
Baking
156
A treatment of surface of iron-based alloys usually in the form of sheet or strip on which by the action of air or stream at a suitable temperature, a thin blue oxide film is formed on the initially scale-free surface, as a means of improving appearance and resistance to corrosion.
Bluing
157
A measure of the ability of an environment containing active carbon to alter or maintain under prescribed condition, the carbon content of steel exposed to it.
Carbon Potential
158
The process of introducing elements into the outer layer of metal objects by means of high-temperature diffusion.
Cementation
159
Exposing to suitable subzero temperatures for the purpose of obtaining desired conditions or properties, such as dimensional or microstructural stability.
Cold Treatment
160
A preliminary heat treatment used to prepare a material for a desired reaction to subsequent heat treatment.
Conditional Heat Treatment
161
A term used to describe a process by which a steel object is cooled from an elevated temperature, usually from the final hot-forming operation in the predetermined manner of cooling to avoid hardening, cracking or internal damage.
Controlled Cooling
162
What is synonymous with Transformation Range?
Critical Range or
Critical Temperature Range
163
A process of case hardening an iron-base alloy by simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen by heating in a cyanide salt.
Cyaniding
164
What follows to cyaniding to produce hard case?
Quenching
165
The loss of carbon from the surface of an iron-base alloy as the result of heating in a medium that reacts with the carbon.
decarburization
166
It is synonymous with Tempering.
Drawing
167
The alloy composition that freezes as constant temperatures similar to a pure metal.
Eutectic Alloy
168
In a ferrous alloy, the property that determines the depth and distribution of hardness induced by quenching.
Hardenability
169
Any process of increasing the hardness of metal by suitable treatment, usually involving heating and cooling.
Hardening
170
A high temperature heat treatment process intended to eliminate or to decrease chemical segregation by diffusion.
Homogenizing
171
A process of annealing white cast iron in which the combined carbon is wholly or in part transformed to graphitic or free carbon and, in some cases, part of the carbon is removed completely.
Malleablizing
172
A precipitation hardening treatment applied to a special group of iron-base alloy to precipitate one or more intermetallic compounds in a matrix of essentially carbon-free martensite.
Maraging
173
A hardening procedure in which an austenized ferrous workpiece is quenched into an appropriate medium. The treatment is usually followed by tempering.
Martempering
174
The exposure of metal to an unduly high temperature. It develops an undesirably coarse grain structure but is not permanently damaged.
Overheating
175
A process of heat treatment applied to medium-or high carbon steel in wire making prior to wire drawing of between drafts. It consists in heating to a temperature above the transformation range, followed by cooling to a temperature appropriate to the carbon content of the steel and the properties required to finished product.
Patenting
176
Rapid Cooling is known as:
Quenching
177
Quenching carburized parts directly from the carburizing operation.
Direct Quenching
178
Quenching in the mists.
Fog Quenching
179
An imprecise term used to cover a variety of quenching procedures in which quenching medium is maintained at a prescribed temperature above 160 deg.
Hot Quenching
180
A quenching procedure in which workpiece is removed from the first quench at a temperature substantially higher than that of the quenchant and is then subjected to a second quenching system having a different cooling rate than the first.
Interrupted Quenching
181
Quenching only certain portions of a workpiece.
Selective Quenching
182
The incomplete hardening of steel due to quenching from the austenitizing temperature at the slower rate that the critical cooling rate for the particular steel, resulting from the formation of one or more transformation products in addition to martensite.
Slack Quenching
183
Quenching in a spray of liquid.
Spray Quenching
184
Interrupted quenching in which the duration of holding in the quenching medium is controlled.
Time Quenching
185
Prolonged heating of metal at a selected temperature.
Soaking
186
A treatment applied to stabilize the dimensions of a workpiece or the structure of a material.
Stabilizing Treatment
187
The free or graphitic carbon that comes out of solution usually in the form of rounded nodules in the structure during graphitizing or malleabilizing.
Temper Carbon
188
Heat or quench-hardened or normalized ferrous alloy to a temperature below transformation range to produce desired changes in properties.
Tempering
189
A treatment in which quench hardened steel is given two complete tempering cycles at substantially the same temperature.
Double Tempering
190
A precautionary interim stress-relieving treatment applied to high hardenability steels immediately after quenching to prevent cracking because of delay in tempering then at the prescribed higher temperature.
Snap Temper
191
Brittleness that results when certain steels are held within, or are cooled slowly through a certain range of temperatures below transformation range.
temper brittleness
192
The critical or transformation point at which pearlite is transformed into austeninte as it is being heated is also called/;
decalesence point
193
A heating to an appropriate temperature immadiately prior to austenitizing when hardening nigh-hardenability constructional steels, many of the tools steels and heavy sections.
Preheating
194
A process to reduce internal residual stresses in a metal object by heating the object to a suitable temperature and holding for a proper time at that temperature.
Stress Relieving
195
The element iron in the form metallurgically known:
ferrite
196
The chemical compound iron carbide in the form metallurgically known as:
cementite
197
The temperature at which a change in phase occurs.
transformation temperature
198
A fully annealed steel that has 0.85% carbon is known as:
hypoeutectoid steel
199
The critical or transformation point at which austenite is transformed back into pearlite on cooling is called:
decalescence point
200
The critical or transformation point at which straight teeth cut parallel to the axes. Tooth loads produce no axial thrust. Shaft rotates in opposite directions.
External Spur Gears
201
Compact drive arrangements for transmitting motion between parallel shafts rotating in the same direction.
Internal Spur Gears
202
These are cylindrical gears with teeth cut at angle to the axes. Provide rive between shafts rotating in opposite directions, with superior load carrying capacity and quietness of spur gear. Tooth loads produce axial thrust.
Helical Gears
203
These are helical gears that mesh together on non-parallel axes.
Crossed Helical Gears
204
Gears that have teeth that are radial toward the apex and are of conical form.
Straight Bevel Gears
205
Gears that have curved oblique teeth that contact each other smoothly and gradually from one end of a tooth to the other end.
Spiral Bevel Gear
206
Gears having curved teeth lying in the same general direction as straight bevel teeth but should be considered to be spiral bevel gears with zero spiral angle.
Zerol Bevel Gears
207
Gears that are cross between spiral bevel gears and worm gears. The axes of these gears are non-intersecting and non-parallel.
Hypoid Bevel Gears
208
Gears that are used to transmit motion between shafts at right angles, do not lie in the common plane and sometime to connect the shafts at other angles. These gears have line tooth contact and are used for power transmission.
Worm Gears
209
It is the dimension of the tooth face width that makes contact with a mating gear.
Active Face
210
It is the radial or perpendicular distance between the pitch circle and the top of the tooth.
Addendum
211
It is the arc of the pitch circle through which a tooth travels from the first point of contact with the mating tooth to the point where contact ceases.
Arc of Action
212
It is the arc of pitch through which a thought travels from the first point of contact with the mating tooth to the pitch point.
Arc of Approach
213
It is the arc of the pitch circle through which a tooth travels from its contract with a mating tooth at a pitch point until contact ceases.
Arc of recession
214
It is the distance parallel to the axis between corresponding sides of the adjacent teeth.
Axial Pitch
215
It is the plane that contains the two axes in a pair of gears.
Axial Plane
216
It is the distance parallel to the axis between two pitch line elements of the same tooth.
Axial Thickness
217
It is the shortest distance between the non-driving surfaces of adjacent teeth when working flanks are in contact.
Backlash
218
It is the circle from which the involute tooth curve is generated or developed.
Base Circle
219
It is the angle at the base cylinder of an involute gear that the tooth makes with the gear axis.
Base Helix Angle
220
It is the circular pitch taken on the circumference of the base circles, or distance along the line of action between two successive and corresponding involute tooth profiles.
Base Pitch
221
It is the distance on the base circle in the plane of rotation between involutes of the same pitch.
Base Tooth Thickness
222
It is the surface of the gear between the flanks of adjacent teeth.
Bottom Land
223
It is the shortest distance between the non-interesting axes of mating gears, or between the parallel axed of spur gears and the parallel helical gears, or the crossed axes of crossed helical gears or worm gears.
Center Distance
224
It is the plane perpendicular to the gear axis in a worm gear. In the usual arrangement with the axes at right angles, it contains the worm axis.
Central Plane
225
It is the radial distance from the circular thickness chord to the top of the tooth.
Chordal Addendum
226
It is the length of the chord subtended by the circular thickness arc.
Chordal Thickness
227
It is the distance on the circumference of the pitch circle in the plane of rotation between corresponding points of adjacent teeth.
Circular Pitch
228
It is the thickness of the tooth on the pitch circle in the plane of rotation or the length of arc between two sides of the gear tooth measured on the pitch circle.
Circular Thickness
229
It is the radial distance between the top of a tooth and the bottom of a mating tooth space, or the amount by which the dedendum in a give gear exceeds the addendum of its mating gear.
Clearance
230
It is the smallest diameter on a gear tooth with which the mating gear makes contact.
Contact Diameter
231
It is the ratio of the arc of action in the plane of rotation to the circular pitch, and is sometimes thought as the average number of teeth in contact.
Contact Ratio
232
It is the ratio of the face advantage to the circular pitch in helical gears.
contact ratio face
233
It is the ratio of the sum of the arc of action and the face advantage to the circular pitch.
Contact ratio total
234
It is the maximum compressive stress within the contact are between mating gear tooth profiles. Also called hertz stress.
Contact Stress
235
It is the curve formed by the path of a point on a circle as it rolls along a straight line.
Cycloid
236
If rolls along the outside of another circle then it is called:
Epicycloid
237
If it rolls along the inside of another circle then it is called:
Hypocycloid
238
It is the ratio of the number of teeth to the number of inches in the pitch diameter in the plane of rotation, or the number of gear teeth to each inch of pitch diameter.
Diametral Pitch
239
It is the torque ratio of a gear set divided by its gear ratio.
Efficiency
240
It is the radius of curvature of the pitch surface at the pitch point in a plane normal to the pitch line element.
Equivalent pitch radius
241
It is the distance on the pitch circle that a gear tooth travels from the time pitch point contact is made at one end of the tooth until the pitch point contact is made at the other end.
Face Advance
242
It is the radius of the concave portion of the tooth profile where it joints the bottom of the tooth space.
Fillet Radius
243
It is the maximum tensile stress in the gear tooth fillet.
Fillet Stress
244
It is the surface between the pitch circle and the bottom land, including the gear tooth.
Flank tooth
245
It is the ratio between the numbers of tooth in the mating gears.
Gear Ratio
246
It is the ration effective face width of a helical gear divided by the gear axial pitch.
Helical Overlap
247
It is the angle that a helical gear tooth makes with the gear axis at the pitch circle, unless specified otherwise.
Helix Angle
248
It is the largest diameter on a spur gear oat which a single tooth is in contact with the mating gear.
HPSTC
(Highest Point of Single Contact)
249
Is the contact between mating teeth at some point other that along the line action.
Interference
250
It is the diameter of a circle that coincides with the tops of the teeth of an internal gear.
Internal Diameter
251
It is a gear with teeth on the inner cylindrical surface.
Internal gear
252
It is the curve generally used as a profile of gear teeth. The curve is the path of a point on a straight line as it rolls along a convex base curve usually a circle.
Involute
253
It is the top surface of the gear.
Top Land
254
It is the surface of the gear between the fillets of adjacent layers.
Bottom Land
255
It is the axial advance of the helix in one complete turn, or the distance along its own axis on one revolution if the gear were free to move axially.
Lead
256
It is the distance of on one involute line of action through which the point of contact moves during the action of the tooth profile.
Length of action
257
It is the portion of the common tangent to the base cylinders along which contact between mating involute teeth occurs.
Line of action
258
It is the smallest diameter on a spur gear at which a single tooth is in contact with its mating gear.
(LPSTC)
Lowest Point of
Single Tooth Contact
259
It is the ratio of the pitch diameter to the number of teeth, normally the ratio of pitch diameter in mm to the number of teeth.
Module
260
It is a plane normal to the tooth surfaces at a point of contact and perpendicular to the pitch plane.
Normal Plane
261
It is the diameter of the circle that contains the tops of the teeth of external gears.
Outside diameter
262
It is the distance between similar, equally-spaced tooth surfaces in a given direction along a given curve or line.
Pitch
263
It is the circle through the pitch point having its center at the gear axis.
Pitch Circle
264
It is the intersection between the axes of the line of centers and the line of action.
Pitch Point
265
It is the angle between a tooth profile and a radial line at its pitch point.
Pressure angle
266
A gear with teeth spaced along a straight line suitable for straight line motion.
Rack Gear
267
An angle subtended at the center of a base circle from the origin of an involute to the point of tangency of a point of a straight line from any point on the same involute.
Roll Angle
268
It is the diameter of the circle that contains the roots or bottoms of the tooth spaces.
Root Diameter
269
An arbitrary modification of a tooth profile where small amount of material is removed from the involute space of the tooth surfaces near the tip of the gear tooth.
Tip Relief
270
It is the surface between the pitch line of element and the tooth tip.
Tooth Face
271
It is the total tooth area including the flank of the tooth and the tooth face.
Tooth Surface
272
It is the dimensional width of a gear blank and may exceed the effective face width as with a double helical gear.
Total Face
273
It is the curve formed by path of a point on the extension of the radius of a circle as it rolls along a curve or a line.
Trochoid
274
It is the condition of general gear teeth when any part of the fillet curve lies inside a line drawn at a tangent to the working profile at its lowest point.
Under Cut
275
It is the total depth of a tooth space, equal to the addendum plus dedendum and equal to the working depth plus clearance.
Whole Depth
276
It is the depth of engagement of two gears or the sum of their addemdums.
Working Depth
277
It is the heat treatment that uses a concentrated flame impinging on a localized area for a controlled amount of time to heat the part, followed by quenching in a bath or by a stream of water or oil.
Flame Hardening
278
It is the process in which the part is surrounded by a coil through which high frequency electric current is passed.
Induction Hardening
279
The usual goal of case hardening is to produce a case hardness in the range of Rockwell C hardness HRC 55 to 60 of a Brinell Hardness of:
550 to 650
280
Carburizing when properly done will produce a case hardness of:
HB 550 to 700 (Brinell Hardness)
281
Stainless steel characterizes high level of corrosion resistance and must have a chromium content of at least how many percent?
At least 10% chromium
282
The three main groups of stainless steel :
Ferritic (AISI 400 series)
Austenitic (AISI 200 and 300 series)
Martensitic also 400 series including
403, 410, 414 and etc.
283
Most structural steel are designed by what?
ASTM
284
The steels used typically for cutting tools, punches, dies, shearing blades, chisels.
Tool Steels
285
HSLA Steels means:
High-Strength Low-Alloy
286
Large gears, machine structures, bracelets, linkage parts, and other important machine parts are usually made from:
Cast iron
287
What iron available in grades having tensile strengths ranging from 20 000 to 60 000 psi?
Gray iron
288
A group of heat-treatable cast irons with moderate to high strength, high modulus of elasticity (stiffness), good machinability, and good wear resistance.
Malleable Iron
289
It is an alloyed and heat-treated Alloy. It has attractive properties that lead to its use in transportation equipment industrial machinery and other applications where the low cost, good machinability.
Austempered ductile iron
290
Aluminum Alloy groups designation:
1xxx 99% or greater aluminum content
2xxx copper
3xxx manganese
4xxx silicon
5xxx magnesium
6xxx magnesium and silicon
7xxx zinc
291
The fourth most commonly used metal in the world.
Zinc
292
The most widely used zinc casting alloy is called Alloy No. 3 sometimes referred to as:
Zamak 3
293
It is usually used in aerospace structure and components, chemical tank and processing equipment. It is a high strength-to-weight ratio.
Titanium
294
It is widely used in its nearly pure form for electrical and plumbing applications because of its high electrical conductivity and good corrosion resistance.
Copper
295
It is the family of alloys of copper and zinc.
Brass
296
Inconel means:
Nickel-Chromium
297
Monel means:
Nickel-Copper alloy
298
Ni-Resists
Nickel-Iron alloy
299
Hastelloys:
Nickel-Molybdenum alloys, sometimes chromium, iron, or copper
300
Metals usually used for condenser and other heat exchanger tubes and plates:
Admiralty Metal
301
A type of brass used for electrical fixtures, plumbing, wires, pins, rivets, screw, spring, architectural grillwork, radiator cores.
Yellow Brass
302
It is used in clutch disks, pump rods, shaft, valve stems, welding rod.
Manganese Bronze
303
It is primarily an alloy of nickel and copper (67 Ni, 30 Cu).
Monel
304
Ordinary steel begins to lose strength (and elasticity) significantly at about:
600 – 700 deg. F
305
Polytetrafluoroethylene is also called tetrafluoroethylene TFE or known as:
Teflon
306
Prolong heating at a temperature below melting point is called:
Sintering
307
The process of melting layer of another metal such as lead or copper into pores of sintered material.
Infiltration
308
The circle in which the involute is generated.
Base circle
309
The expression used to define the base circle for a particular pitch circle.
Degree of involute
310
It is the measure of spacing and usually also of the size of the tooth.
Pitch
311
It is the distance measured along the pitch circle from a point on one tooth to the corresponding point on an adjacent tooth.
Circular pitch
312
It is the ratio of the number of teeth per inch of the pitch diameter.
Diametral pitch
313
It is the ratio of the angle of action to the pitch angle.
Contact ratio
314
It is the ratio of the length of action to the base pitch.
Contact ratio
315
It is the ratio of the arc of action to the circular pitch.
Contact ratio
316
For best running gear condition, the contact ratio should be:
1.25 to 1.4
317
Gear that ahs teeth cut on the inside of the rim instead of outside of the rim.
Internal or annular gear
318
Gears that are most often used in heavy-duty gear boxes.
Helical and herringbone gears
319
The other name of crossed helical gears.
Spiral gear
320
Gears used to connect intersecting shaft but not necessarily 90 degrees.
Bevel gears
