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Sensory and motor neuroscience > Visual system > Flashcards

Visual system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the optic nerve?

A

Bundle of axons at the retina

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2
Q

What is the ability to focus light dependant on?

A

The refractive power of both the cornea and the lens, as well as the shape of the eye globe

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3
Q

What is hyperopia

A

Far sightedness, refractive power is insufficient for close objects

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4
Q

What it myopia

A

Near sightedness, refractive power is too strong for distant objects

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5
Q

What is the pupillary light reflex

A

Connections between the brainstem and retina that contract the pupil in response to light

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6
Q

Circular muscles

A

Decrease the pupil size

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7
Q

Radial muscles

A

Dilate the pupil

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8
Q

VIsual field

A

Amount of space viewed by the retina when the eye is straight ahead

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9
Q

Visual acuity

A

Ability to distinguish two nearby points

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10
Q

What determines visual acuity

A

Photoreceptor spacing and refractive power.

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11
Q

What is the direct pathway for signal transmission

A

Photoreceptors —-> Bipolar cells —–> Ganglion cells

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12
Q

What are the lateral connecting neurons

A

Amacrine cells and horizontal cells

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13
Q

What are the 4 segements of photoreceptors

A

outer, inner, cell body, synaptic termina

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14
Q

Photoreceptors convert…..

A

electromagnetic radiation to neural signals

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15
Q

What happens to membrane potential when exposed to light

A

Vm hyperpolarizes.

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16
Q

What is the “dark current”

A

A cGMP-gated Na+ channel that is open in the dark and closed in the light

17
Q

How does the brain percieve objects in the visual field

A

A shift in Na+ sends a signal to the brain

18
Q

During the dark current, what is released?

A

A steady release of neurotransmitter

19
Q

What is rhodopsin made of?

A

Retinal and Opsin

20
Q

Where is rhodopsin present

A

Membrane folds known as disks in the outer segment of rods

21
Q

What does light convert 11-cis-retianl to?

A

all-trans-retinal (activated form)

22
Q

What are rods best for?

A

Seeing in dim light

23
Q

What are cones best for?

A

Seeing in normal daylight

24
Q

What are “on” and “off” pathways

A

Bipolar and ganglion cells can detect increases and decreases in luminance

25
Q

What is the receptive field

A

The part of the retina that needs to be stimulated to eleict action potentials from a ganglion cell and the cells receptive field.

26
Q

What is the purpose of centre-surround organization

A

Emphasize areas of difference i.e shrpens the boundary between objects of different luminence

27
Q

What are M and P type ganglion cells

A

Magno and Parvo

Sensory and motor neuroscience (4 decks)

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