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Sensation and Perception > visual perception principles > Flashcards

visual perception principles Flashcards

1
Q

what are visual perception principles?

A

Rules applied to visual information to assist our organisation and interpretation of it

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2
Q

How would you describe Gestalt principles?

A

how we organise the features of a visual scene by grouping them to perceive a complete form

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3
Q

What is figure-ground organisation?

A

dividing a visual scene into a ‘figure’ which stands out from the surroundings, the ‘ground’

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4
Q

An example of figure-ground organisation

A

In a stop sign, the white ‘STOP’ is the figure, and the red surroundings are the ground.

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5
Q

What is closure?

A

mentally closing, or ignoring gaps in a visual image to perceive incomplete objects as complete

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6
Q

An example of closure

A

The IBM logo features the letter ‘IBM’ separated with several gaps. We use closure to perceive the letters as complete

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7
Q

What is similarity?

A

Parts of a visual image with similar features (such as size or shape) are grouped together as they appear to belong as a unit.

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8
Q

An example of similarity

A

We perceive people wearing the same school uniform as attending the same school

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9
Q

What is proximity?

A

Parts of a visual image which are positioned close together are perceived to belong in a group

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10
Q

An example of proximity

A

A series of letters located physically close together may be grouped and perceived as a word

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11
Q

What is depth perception?

A

the ability to accurately estimate the distance of objects and hence perceive the world in 3D

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12
Q

What are depth cues?

A

Sources of information from the environment or from within our body that help us to perceive depth

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13
Q

Binocular depth cues require?

A

The use of both eyes

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14
Q

What is convergence?

A

The closer an object, the greater tension in the eye muscles, as your eyes turn inward to focus on closer objects. This allows the brain to interpret length

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15
Q

What is retinal disparity?

A

The slight difference in the location of the visual images on the retina. The two different retinal images combine in the brain, and any difference between the two images provide depth information.

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16
Q

Are binocular depth cues best for long or short distances?

A

Short. Therefore, if our vision becomes limited to one eye, it is relatively difficult to focus on detail over short distances.

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17
Q

What do monocular depth cues require?

A

The use of only one eye

18
Q

What is accommodation?

A

Automatic adjustment of the shape of the lens to focus an object depending on how far it is.

19
Q

How does the lens change in accommodation?

A

The lens bulges when an object is close, to focus the light rays reflected from the object.
The lens flattens when the objects are further away.
The lens is controlled by the ciliary muscles.

20
Q

What are pictorial cues?

A

Monocular depth cues used by artists to create depth and distance on 2D surfaces (paper)

21
Q

What is linear perspective?

A

The apparent convergence of parallel lines as they recede into the distance

22
Q

What is interposition?

A

When one object partially blocks another, the object in front is perceived as closer

23
Q

What is texture gradient?

A

The gradual reduction of detail in a surface as it recedes into the distance

24
Q

What is relative size?

A

The tendency to visually perceive the object that produces the largest image on the retina as being closer.

25
Q

What is height in the visual field?

A

objects located closer to the horizon are perceived as being more distant than objects further from the horizon

26
Q

What is a perceptual constancy?

A

the tendency to perceive an object as remaining stable and unchanging, despite any changes that may occur to the image cast on the retina

27
Q

What is size constancy?

A

an objects actual size remains the same even though the size of the image it casts on the retina changes

28
Q

What is shape constancy?

A

an object maintains its shape despite any change in the shape of the image on the retina.

29
Q

What is brightness constancy?

A

an object maintaining its level of brightness in relation to its surroundings, despite changes in the amount of light being reflected from the object to the retina

30
Q

What is perceptual set?

A

the predisposition to perceive something in accordance with what we expect it to be

31
Q

What is context in visual perception?

A

the setting or environment in which a perception is made. The setting allows us to make a quick and accurate interpretation

32
Q

What is an example of the influence of context on visual perception?

A

A bright moving light in the sky with a tail streaking behind it, when seen from a ship at sea, could be interpreted as a flare

33
Q

What is motivation in visual perception?

A

the internal processes which activate behaviour we direct towards achieving a particular goal

34
Q

What is an example of the influence of motivation on visual perception?

A

supporters of opposing sides at a soccer match may perceive a ‘handball’ as either correct or incorrect depending on what they want to see

35
Q

What is emotional state in visual perception?

A

how we are feeling can influence the way in which we perceive visual information

36
Q

What is an example of the emotional state of motivation on visual perception?

A

A child who is afraid of the dark, may interpret a shadow as a ghost

37
Q

What is past experience in visual perception?

A

refers to the personal experiences throughout our lives, which can lead to many individual differences in perception

38
Q

What is an example of the influence of past experience on visual perception?

A

Those with experience in the army or police may be more likely to interpret an image as violent

39
Q

What is culture in visual perception?

A

the way of life of a particular community or group that sets it apart from other communities and groups

40
Q

What is an example of the influence of culture on visual perception?

A

cultures with no experience viewing a photograph of a dog may not be able to identify one, despite seeing dogs in real life

Sensation and Perception (4 decks)

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