Visual Pathway and Optic Reflexes

Question 1

Individual cones are connected singly and directly through _______ cells to ganglion cells via ______ cell interneurons

Answer 1

Individual cones are connected singly and directly through bipolar cells to ganglion cells via amacrine cell interneurons

Question 2

Photoreceptors that mediate light perception

Answer 2

Rods

Question 3

Origin of optic tracts

Answer 3

Optic chiasma

Question 4

Optic fibers continue without any interruption behind the optic chiasma as two diverging optic tracts that go to the left and right _______ of the thalamus

Answer 4

lateral geniculate body

Question 5

Cortical area that receives visual impulses from the upper quadrants of the ipsilateral side of both retinas

Answer 5

Cuneus

Question 6

Cortical area that receives impulses from the lower quadrants of the ipsilateral side of both retinas

Answer 6

Lingual gyrus

Question 7

Cortical area responsible for recognition of objects and perception of color

Answer 7

Visual association area (B18 and B19)

Question 8

A blind spot or partial loss of vision in what is otherwise a perfectly normal visual field

Answer 8

Scotoma

Question 9

These are blind spots that flicker and waver between light and dark

Answer 9

Scintillating scotoma

Question 10

Congenital hydrocephalus may result into this visual defect:

Answer 10

Binasal hemianopsia

Question 11

Strokes involving MCA may result to this visual defect

Answer 11

Upper Homonymous Quandrantanopsia

Question 12

Damage to Meyer’s loop may result to which visual defect?

Answer 12

Upper homonymous quadrantanopsia

Question 13

A visual defect that may result with sensory defects

Answer 13

lower homonymous quadrantanopia

Question 14

Paired structure involved in incorporating environmental stimuli and coordinating gaze shifts, involving both eye and head movements

Answer 14

Superior colliculi

Question 15

LGB has neurons that give rise to fibers that form the _________ tract

Answer 15

geniculocalcarine tract

Question 16

Geniculocalcarine tract passes posteriorly through the ___________ part of the internal capsule and terminates in the visual cortex (BA 17)

Answer 16

retrolenticular part

Question 17

Midbrain structure involved in visual attention processing.

Answer 17

Superior colliculus

Question 18

Specific pretectal nuclei for pupillary light reflex

Answer 18

Olivary pretectal nuclei

Question 19

All visual nuclei of the midbrain connect substantially with the __________ and with each other

Answer 19

intergeniculate leaflet (IGL)

Question 20

Contains a group of parasympathetic preganglionic cells that innervate the ciliary muscle and the pupillary constrictor

Answer 20

EDINGER-WESTPHAL NUCLEUS

Question 21

Axons of cholinergic preganglionic neurons of EWN synapse with _______ cells in the ciliary ganglion

Answer 21

ganglion cells

Question 22

The visual fibers that cross the median plane do so close to the cerebral aqueduct in the ____________ commissure

Answer 22

posterior commissure

Question 23

In corneal reflex, internuncial neurons connect with the motor nucleus of the facial nerve on both sides through the _____________

Answer 23

medial longitudinal fasciculus

Question 24

Visual body reflexes follow the following to which structure of the midbrain?

Answer 24

superior colliculi

Question 25

Impulses of visual body reflexes are relayed to the ______________ tracts and to the neurons of the anterior gray horns of the spinal cord and cranial motor nuclei

Answer 25

tectospinal and tectobulbar (tectonuclear)

Question 26

Spinal cord segments containing lateral gray horns for Pupillary skin reflex

Answer 26

T1 and T2

Question 27

For Pupillary skin reflex, the white rami communicantes of T1-T2 segments pass to the sympathetic trunk, and the preganglionic fibers ascend to the ____________ ganglion.

Answer 27

superior cervical sympathetic

Question 28

For Pupillary skin reflex, the postganglionic fibers pass through the ____________ plexus and ___________ nerves to the dilator pupillae muscle of the iris.

Answer 28

Internal carotid plexus

long ciliary nerves

Question 29

Optic reflexes present and absent respectively in ARGYLL ROBERTSON PUPIL

Answer 29

Present: Accommodation
Absent: Pupillary light reflex

Question 30

Area damaged in ARGYLL ROBERTSON PUPIL

Answer 30

Pretectal nuclei

Question 31

ARGYLL ROBERTSON PUPIL is typically seen with what condition?

Answer 31

Tertiary neurosyphilis

Other causes: diabetes, Wernicke’s encephalopathy, midbrain tumors