Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Opthalmology > Visual loss and blindness > Flashcards

Visual loss and blindness Flashcards

1
Q

What are the symptoms of central retinal artery occlusion?

A

Sudden painless profound visual loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the fundus look like in CRAO?

A

Pale retina, thread-like vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an afferent pupillary defect?

A

One eye is less sensitive to light and does not constrict as much during the swinging light test (seen in CRAO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which aetiology accounts for about 80% of CRAOs?

A

Atherosclerotic thrombosis (carotid artery disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When would emboli from the heart be considered as a cause for CRAO?

A

In younger patients with valvular defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the aim of ocular massage in CRAO? When should this be attempted?

A

Attempts to dislodge the blockage. Within 24 hours of presenting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does branch retinal artery occlusion differ from central?

A

Loss of field of vision/retinal paleness in an area corresponding to the blocked branch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is amaurosis fugax? How is it managed?

A

Transient painless visual loss, lasts around five minutes. Aspirin and immediate referral to TIA clinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the most common cause of central retinal vein occlusion?

A

Thrombus formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the clinical features of CRVO?

A

Sudden, moderate-to-severe visual loss
Retinal haemorrhage
Dilated, tortuous veins
Disc swelling and macular swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is CRVO treated?

A

Management of underlying cause (systemic e.g. diabetes, hypertension. Or ocular- glaucoma)
Monitor for complications of new vessel formation
Anti-VEGFs may be used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do artery and vein occlusions differ on fundoscopy?

A

Arterial occlusions are pale with thin threadlike vessels; venous occlusions are dark with thick, tortuous dilated vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The occlusion of which arteries leads to infarction of the optic nerve head? (ischaemic optic neuropathy)

A

Posterior ciliary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the two sub-types of ischaemic optic neuropathy?

A

Arteritic (GCA)

Non-arteritic (atherosclerotic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does ION present?

A

Sudden profound visual loss with swollen disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does temporal arteritis/GCA present?

A

Temporal headache; jaw claudication; scalp tenderness; amaurosis fugax; malaise; very high ESR, PV and CRP

17
Q

How is GCA treated? What does this hope to achieve?

A

Immediate high-dose systemic steroid- prevent visual loss in the other eye

18
Q

In vitreous haemorrhage, where does bleeding occur from?

A

Abnormal vessels i.e. in diabetic retinopathy, or after retinal vein occlusion
From retinal vessels, usually after a retinal tear

19
Q

What are the symptoms/signs of vitreous haemorrhage?

A

Loss of vision, “floaters”, loss of red reflex

20
Q

What is retinal detachment?

A

Separation of the sensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium

21
Q

What are the symptoms/signs of retinal detachment?

A

Painless loss of vision (sometimes described as like a curtain coming down)
Photopsia (“flashing lights”)
May have RAPD
May see retinal tear on opthalmoscopy

22
Q

How do wet and dry ARMD differ with regards to visual loss?

A

Usually gradual in dry; often rapid in wet

23
Q

What other visual symptom is commonly seen in ARMD?

A

Metamorphosia (distortion)

24
Q

How is wet ARMD treated?

A

Intravitreal antiVEGF injections

25
Q

What does CARDIGAN stand for?

A

Acronym for causes of gradual visual loss

Cataract
ARMD (dry)
Refractive error
Diabetic retinopathy
Inherited disease
Glaucoma
Access Non-urgent
26
Q

How does gradual visual loss usually present?

A

Early- with reduced visual acuity
Late- sometimes reduced field
Usually bilateral
Often asymmetrical

27
Q

How is cataract managed?

A

Surgical removal with lens implant if patient is symptomatic

28
Q

What is cataract?

A

Opacification of the lens

29
Q

How does dry ARMD present? What signs are seen in fundoscopy?

A

Gradual decline in vision; central part of vision can be “missing”.
Signs- drusen (patches of protein/lipid exudate) on the retina

30
Q

What are the four categories of refractive error?

A

Myopia (short-sightedness- caused by focussing of the image “in front” of the retina)
Hypermetropia (long-sightedness- caused by focussing of the image “behind” the retina)
Astigmatism- usually due to irregular cornea curvature
Presbyopia (loss of accommodation with ageing)

31
Q

What are the signs of open angle glaucoma?

A

Increased intra-ocular pressure
Cupped disc
Visual field defect

32
Q

How is open-angle glaucoma treated?

A

Pressure-lowering eyedrops
Occasionally surgery
Regular monitoring

33
Q

What distinguishes wet ARMD from dry?

A

Choroidal neovascularization

Opthalmology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions