Visual and cognition processing

Question 1

visuocognition

Answer 1

ability to manipulate and integrate visual input with other sensory information to gain knowledge, solve problems, formulate plans and make decisions

Question 2

visual memory

Answer 2

for mental manipulation of an object, you must be able to create and retain a picture of the stimuli in the mind’s eye while visual analysis is being completed; temporary short term storage
- retrieve from long term memory

Question 3

pattern recognition

Answer 3

identify salient features, distinguish object from background, problems E and F or 3 and 8
- features: 1) general shape, contour and features 2) specific features

Question 4

visual scanning/search

Answer 4

accomplished through saccades or movement of the eye toward something of interest

• purpose of saccade = put the object in focus on the retina
• cyclic saccade = ensure that correct identification is being made

Question 5

attention

Answer 5

• automatic: brainstem level; stimulated by any novel or new object appearing in the periphery
• voluntary: cortical level; purpose is to gather information, locate object in the environment (keys, light switches)

Question 6

eye innervation

Answer 6

• CN III : superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, medial rectus
• CN IV: superior oblique
• CN VI: lateral rectus

Question 7

refractive errors

Answer 7

light doesn’t focus on retina and objects appear blurred

Question 8

myopia

Answer 8

nearsightedness

Question 9

hyperopia

Answer 9

farsightedness

Question 10

asigmatism

Answer 10

both combined

Question 11

refraction

Answer 11

process of determining correct lenses (glasses or contact lenses)

Question 12

accomodation

Answer 12

• ability of lens to focus
• lens loses its flexibility
• person holds things farther away to focus
• additional convex lens for near (bifocal, trifocal, progressive lens)

Question 13

presbyopia

Answer 13

age related loss of focus at near; about age of 40

Question 14

convergence

Answer 14

ability to accurately aim the eyes at an object of regard and to track an object as it moves towards and away from the person

Question 15

strabismus

Answer 15

• cannot align both eyes at the same time
• requires treatment
• constant unilateral strabismus can cause ambylopia if not treated

Question 16

amblyopia

Answer 16

• “lazy eye”
• good eye and brain inhibit eye from blur
• critical period: birth - 6 yr
• cause by vision not corrected by glasses or elimination of eye turn
• can result in permanent decrease in vision

Question 17

acquired brain injury

Answer 17

greater than 50% incidence of visual and visual-cognitive disorders in neurologically impaired patients (TBI, CVA, MS)

Question 18

visual-perceptual dysfunction

Answer 18

one of the most common devastating residual impairments of head injury

Question 19

visual acuity

Answer 19

• clarity of sight (far/near)

- becomes blurred in various refractive conditions

Question 20

visual fields

Answer 20

• central/peripheral range

- stroke - loss of the visual field (hemianopsia)

Question 21

occulomotor

Answer 21

alignment of eyes

Question 22

fixation

Answer 22

• the ability to steadily and accurately gaze at an oject of regard
• most dysfunctional in nystagmus (uncontrollable shaking of the eyes)

Question 23

pursuits

Answer 23

• ability to smoothly and accurately track, or follow, a moving object

Question 24

saccades

Answer 24

• ability to quickly and accurately look, or scan, from one object to another

Question 25

stereopsis

Answer 25

depth perception

Question 26

exotropia

Answer 26

form of strabismus where an eye turns out

Question 27

esotropia

Answer 27

form of strabismus where an eye turns in

Question 28

hypertropia

Answer 28

form of strabismus where an eye turns up

Question 29

hypotropia

Answer 29

form of strabismus where an eye turns down

Question 30

binocularity

Answer 30

integration of accommodation and convergence

Question 31

visual- motor integration

Answer 31

• eye-hand
• eye-foot
• eye-body coordination

Question 32

visual-auditory integration

Answer 32

ability to relate and associated what is seen and heard

Question 33

visual memory

Answer 33

ability to remember and recall information that is seen

Question 34

visual closure

Answer 34

ability to “fill in the gaps” or complete a visual picture based on seeing only some of the parts

Question 35

spatial relationships

Answer 35

ability to know “where I am” in relation to objects and space around me and to know where objects are in relation to one another

Question 36

figure-ground discrimination

Answer 36

the ability to discern form and object from background

Question 37

What are the 3 most devastating and intolerable visual problems resulting from ABI?

Answer 37

• visual field loss
• intractable double vision
• visual/balance disorders

Question 38

diplopia

Answer 38

double vision; serious and intolerable condition that can be caused by strabismus, gaze palsy and decompensated binocular skills in patients with brain injury, stroke and other neurologically compromising conditions

Question 39

what kind of therapy might alleviate diplopia?

Answer 39

• prisms, lenses or vision therapy can oftentimes help the patient achieve fusion (alignment of the eyes)

Question 40

visual midline shift syndrome

Answer 40

• shift in concept of perceived visual midline
• leans to one side, forward and/or backward
• results from dysfunction of the peripheral visual process

Question 41

treatment for visual midline shift

Answer 41

-yoked prisms: shifts midline to a more centered position to begin weight bearing on affected side

Question 42

hemi-inattention

Answer 42

visual neglect