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2 Ophthalmology > Vision Loss and Blindness > Flashcards

Vision Loss and Blindness Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 types of visual loss

A

gradual

sudden

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2
Q

what are some causes of sudden vision loss

A 
vascular problems (retinal artery/vein occlusion) 
vitreous haemorrhage 
retinal detachment 
Wet ARMD
Closed angle glaucoma 
Optic neuritis 
Stroke
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3
Q

what arteries supply the eye

A

branches of the ophthalmic artery

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4
Q

what branches of the ophthalmic artery are most commonly occluded

A

posterior ciliary artery

central retinal artery

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5
Q

What are the 2 pathologies of the arterial supply to the eye

A

occlusion (of retinal or optic nerve circulation)

haemorrhage (from normal or abnormal blood vessels)

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6
Q

what are the symptoms of retinal artery occlusion

A

sudden painless vision loss

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7
Q

signs of retinal artery occlusion

A 
RAPD 
Pale oedematous retina 
Treat-like vessels 
Dark macula 
Can see individual blood cells trickling through vessels
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8
Q

what are some causes of retinal artery occlusion

A

carotid artery disease

emboli from the heart (unusual)

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9
Q

what is amaurosis fugas

A

temporary painless vision loss in one eye “like a curtain coming down’ lasts 5 mins with full recovery

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10
Q

causes of amaurosis fugax

A

retinal artery occlusion

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11
Q

signs of amaurosis fugax

A

often nothing to see on exam as it has gone back to normal

urgent referral to stroke clinic- sign a stroke is on the way

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12
Q

what conditions are associated with central retinal vein occlusion

A

endothelial damage eg. diabetes
Abnormal blood flow eg. hypertension
Hypercoaguable states eg. cancer

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13
Q

symptoms of central retinal vein occlusion

A

sudden vision loss (variable)

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14
Q

signs of central retinal occlusion

A

retinal haemorrhages
dilated tortuous veins
disc swelling and macular swelling

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15
Q

what is ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

occlusion of the optic nerve head circulation

the posterior ciliary arteries become occluded resulting in infarction of the optic nerve head

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16
Q

which inflammatory condition causes ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

Giant cell arteritis

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17
Q

symptoms of ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

sudden severe visual loss

irreversible blindness

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18
Q

signs of ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

swollen optic nerve

pale swollen disc

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19
Q

what are some other symptoms of Giant Cell Arteritis

A 
headache (temporal) 
jaw claudication 
scalp tenderness 
tender/enlarged scalp arteries 
amaurosis fugax
malaise
20
Q

what is vitreous haemorrhage

A

bleeding in the vitreous cavity: can be from normal vessels eg, bridging a retinal tear, or abnormal vessels

21
Q

symptoms fo vitreous haemorrhage

A

loss of vision

floaters

22
Q

signs of vitreous haemorrhage

A

loss of red reflex
may see haemorrhage on fundoscopy
need to find a cause

23
Q

which type of macular degeneration causes sudden visual loss

A

Wet

24
Q

pathology of wet ARMD

A

New blood vessels grow under the retina and leakage causes a build up of blood and eventually scarring

25
Q

symptoms of wet ARMD

A

Rapid central visual loss

Distortion (straight lines become wavy)

26
Q

signs of wet ARMD

A

haemorrhage/exudate

27
Q

what is glaucoma

A

progressive optic neuropathy caused by an increase in IOP

28
Q

what is closed angle glaucoma

A

aqueous humour can’t pass from posterior compartment to anterior so build up causing increased pressure

this can be acute (ophthalmic emergency)

29
Q

symptoms of closed angle glaucoma

A 
painful red eye 
sudden visual loss 
headache 
nausea 
vomiting
30
Q

signs of closed angle glaucoma

A

red eye
cloudy cornea
dilated pupil

31
Q

what are some causes of gradual visual loss

A 
cataract 
ARMD (dry)
Refractive error 
Glaucoma 
Diabetic retinopathy
32
Q

what is cataracts

A

cloudiness of the lens due to abnormal changes in lens proteins

33
Q

causes of cataracts

A 
age related
congenital 
traumatic 
metabolic 
drug induced (steroids)
34
Q

cataract symptoms

A

gradual decline in vision (hazy/blurred) that cannot be corrected with glasses

may get glare

35
Q

cataract treatment

A

surgical removal with intra-ocular lens implant (if patient is symptomatic)

36
Q

symptoms of dry ARMD

A

gradual decline in vision

central vision missing (scotoma)

37
Q

what are the signs of dry ARMD

A

Drusen (build up of waste products below retina)

Atrophic patches of retina

38
Q

treatment for dry ARMD

A

No cure - just supportive treatment with low vision aids eg. magnifiers

39
Q

what is a refractive error

A

when the eye cannot focus images clearly

40
Q

what is myopia

A

‘short sightedness’

41
Q

what is hypermetropia

A

‘long sightedness’

42
Q

what is astigmatism

A

irregular corneal curvature doesn’t allow rays to be refracted to meet one point

43
Q

what is presbyopia

A

loss of accommodation with ageing

44
Q

what is open angle glaucoma

A

when the aqueous humour is not being drained properly

45
Q

what are thy symptoms of open angle glaucoma

A

often none

opticians usually discover it

46
Q

signs of opened angle glaucoma

A

cupped disc
visual field defect
May/may not have high IOP

2 Ophthalmology (16 decks)

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