Vision Loss Flashcards
Causes of vision loss
Cataract Refractive error Retinal detachment Stroke POAG Tumour CRAO
Name 3 conditions that affect the central vision
ARMD
Diabetic eye disease
Cataract
Which factors increase the risk of cataract
Smoking
UV radiation
Hyperglycaemia
Which conditions are associated with cataracts
Trauma Uveitis High myopia Topical medication Intraocular tumour
Classic Sx of cataract
Painless loss of vision
Glare
Change in refraction
Signs of cataract
Reduced VA
No red reflex
Cloudy appearance of eye
Management of cataract
Surgical - artificial lens replacement
What can a congenital cataract lead to
Amblyopia
Squint
Nystagmus
What is atropine contraindicated in
AACG
What is the most common type of glaucoma
Primary open angle (~90%)
What is the normal range of IOP
10-21 mmHg
Define POAG
Optic nerve damage that has caused a progressive loss in visual field
What are 3 common signs and symptoms of POAG
Cupped optic disc
Visual field defect
Normally asymptomatic
How does PACG present
Photophobia Painful Reduced VA Red eye Cloudy cornea Pupil - oval, fixed, dilated
Treatment of PACG
Acetazolamide
Pilocarpine
Beta blockers
Which condition presents with drusen
ARMD
How is wet ARMD treated
Intravitreal anti-VEGF injections
How does dry ARMD present on fundoscopy
Soft drusen and changes in pigmentation (hypo/hyper)
Epidemiology of ARMD
Age
Caucasian
Women
Risk factors of ARMD
Age
Smoking
FHx
CVD
Symptoms of ARMD
Loss of central vision Reduced VA Loss of contrast sensitivity Photopsia Dry - scotoma Wet - distortion
Wet ARMD on fundoscopy
Well-demarcated red patches - haemorrhages
Patchy pigmentation
Treatment of dry ARMD
Lifestyle adjustment
- counselling
- smoking cessation
- visual rehabilitation
Complications of myopia
Cataract
Retinal detachment
Glaucoma
Complications of hyperopia
Glaucoma
Squint
Amblyopia
Which lenses are used to correct each refractive error
Myopia - concave (-)
Hyperopia - convex (+)
Astigmatism - cylindrical
Characteristic features of diabetic retinopathy (5)
Microaneurysms Hard exudates Flame haemorrhages Cotton wool spots Neovascularisation
Investigation of diabetic retinopathy
Examination and fundoscopy
Management of diabetic retinopathy
Glycaemic control
Lipid control
Smoking cessation
Laser coagulation
What does a dendritic ulcer indicate
Infection with HSV-1
