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PSY 1010 > Vision I > Flashcards

Vision I Flashcards

1
Q

visual acuity

A

the ability to see fine lines and details (its what gives us 2020 vision)

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2
Q

visible light

A

the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we are able to see

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3
Q

what characteristics of light are we not able to see

A

lightwaves

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4
Q

how can we characterize light waves

A

by their variations in length, size, height, and distances between each wave

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5
Q

what does the length of the light wave determine

A

hue of the light (the color that we are able to see)

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6
Q

what does “intensity” of a light wave mean

A

the amplitude/how high the peaks are

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7
Q

what does the intensity of a light wave determine

A

how bright the light we perceive to be is

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8
Q

what does “purity” of a light wave mean

A

how many singular waves makeup the single light wave

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9
Q

what does the purity of a light wave determine

A

determines how saturated the color is; not enough waves gives it more of a lighter color whereas a lot of waves making up a single lightwave will make a very deep and saturated color

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10
Q

what are the main parts of the eye (ordered)

A

cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, optic nerve

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11
Q

what is the cornea and what is its purpose

A

clear smooth outer tissue that bends and focuses the light wave that enters the eye in order for the light waves to enter in such way that they freely pass through the pupils

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12
Q

what is the iris and what is its purpose

A

the iris is the colored part of the eye that controls the size of the pupils; thus controlling the amount of light that enters the eye

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13
Q

what is the pupil and what is its purpose

A

the pupil is the black hole in the middle of the iris where light enters into the eye

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14
Q

what is the purpose of the muscles behind the iris

A

control the shape of the lens to bend and focus light again onto the retina and diff distances

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15
Q

in what ways can the muscles behind the iris bend the shape of the lens

A

the muscles will make the lens shape flatter for objects that are far way and rounder for objects that are closer

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16
Q

what is the retina and what is its purpose

A

the retina is a layer of light sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eyeball and receives light that the lens has focused, convert the light into neural signals, and send these signals on to the brain for visual recognition.

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17
Q

what makes up the retina

A

the retain is made up of cones, rods, bipolar cells and ganglion cells

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18
Q

what is the retina referred to ?

A

the retina is also referred to as the interface between the world of light outside the body and the world of vision inside the body

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19
Q

what are the two types of photoreceptor cells within the retina

A

rods and cones

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20
Q

what do these photoreceptor cells contain

A

they contain light sensitive pigments thats transduce light into neural impulses

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21
Q

when are our cones activated

A

they are active under direct color, operate under normal daylight conditions, and allows us to focus on fine detail; a lot of photons are needed to activate the cones

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22
Q

where are the cones more densely packed

A

they are more densely packed in the fovea of the retina

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23
Q

what is the fovea

A

it is the area of the retina where vision is the clearest

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24
Q

when are our cones activated

A

our cones are activated under lowlight conditions

25
Q

what makes our rods more sensitive than cones and at what cost

A

our rods are easily activated (they can be activated by a single photon unlike our cones which need a large amount of photons to be activated) however this comes at the cost of our rods not being able to detect high frequencies of color like our cones can

26
Q

how many cones and rods are there in our retina and what difference does it make

A

there are 6 million cones lined up in our retina and 20 million rods; the cones are more densely packed in our fovea which is in the middle of the retina but the rods are more dispersed thus explaining why objects off to the side in our peripheral view are not clear

27
Q

what is the purpose of the bipolar cells and where are they located

A

the bipolar cells are located directly above the rods/cones and they collect neural signals and then transmit them to the retinal ganglion cells

28
Q

what is the purpose of the ganglion cells

A

the ganglion cells serve as the final output neurons of the vertebral retina which collects information about the visual world from bipolar cells and amacrine sells (retinal neurons)

29
Q

what are amacrine cells

A

they are interneuron cells between bipolar and ganglion cells that are in the visual cortex and respond to basic elements

30
Q

what do the axons of the ganglion cells form

A

they form the optic nerve

31
Q

where does the optic nerve begin

A

the optic nerve begins in the retina

32
Q

describe what happens/the structure of the optic nerve after its beginning in the eye

A

beginning in the retina, the axons of the optic nerve cells called RGCs come together to leave the eye at a region called the optic disc thus forming the optic nerve.

33
Q

what happens after the nerve leaves the eye

A

the optic nerve extends to a structure called the optic chiasm where it meets the optic nerve from the other eye

34
Q

what happens at the optic chiasm

A

the optic nerve fibers carrying info from the side of nerve cross over to the other side of the brain while those carrying info from the side closest to the temples stay on the same side

35
Q

what happens when the optic nerve begins to leave the optic chiasm

A

the nerve becomes known as the optic tract (most of the fibers in the optic tract end in the lateral ganiculate nucleus of the thalamus and from there info is passed to the visual cortex

36
Q

what two pathways are included in the visual cortex

A

dorsal and ventral

37
Q

what is the dorsal stream

A

travels up from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobe and to mid and upper parts of the temporal lobes and expresses where the object is

38
Q

what is the ventral stream

A

the ventral stream travels down from the occipital lobe into the lower levels of the temporal lobe and into the hippocampus and it detects the what of the object

39
Q

memory refresher*** what is the hippocampus responsible for

A

the hippocampus is responsible for creating new memories and integrating them into a network of knowledge so that they can be stored indefinitely in other parts of the cerebral cortex

40
Q

what are these pathways used for

A

they are part of the perception processes of the neural system that help to detect shape

41
Q

what is the neural system for perceiving shape

A

area VI

42
Q

what is area VI

A

area VI contains populations of neurons, each tuned to respond to edged oriented at each population in the visual field (some neurons fire when we perceive objects in horizontal others in vertical others in diagonal

43
Q

describe what illnesses are associated with the eye and its general anatomy

A

the eye can either be too long (nearsightedness - myopia) or too short (far sightedness-hyperopia)

44
Q

what are the signs of myopia

A

one will be able to see nearby but not far away because the image is focused at the front of the retina

45
Q

what are the signs of hyperopia

A

can see far away but not up close because the images that are far are focused behind the retina

46
Q

what are the solutions to both of the illnesses associated with the eye and its general anatomy

A

eyeglasses/contacts or lasik

47
Q

what impact would the glasses/eye contacts have on eyes with either myopia or hyperopia

A

they would provide additional lenses to help focus the light more directly

48
Q

what impact would lasik have on the other hand

A

it would reshape the eyes cornea to help focus light more directly

49
Q

what kind of damages can happen in the optic nerve

A

trauma, stroke, tumors, glaucoma

50
Q

what is another word for visual defect

A

anopsia

51
Q

what happens if damage occurs before the optic chiasm

A

the pt will experience blindness in the eye that supplies that optic nerve

52
Q

if damage occurs in the middle of the optic chiasm

A

then the pt will experience blindness in the lateral fields of both eyes due to the way the fibers from the nasal side of the retina cross over

53
Q

if damage occurs in the optic tract

A

then half of the visual field will be lost in both eyes

54
Q

in regards to the visual cortex what happens if there is permanent damage to the large region of the lateral occipital lobe (area of the ventral stream)

A

the pt will exp visual formagnosia there will be impaired sight but ability to touch and recognize objects = normal

55
Q

what happens if there is brain damage to the parietal lobe or the section of the dorsal stream

A

the pt will likely have a difficult time using their vision to guide/reach objects but will not be able to recognize what the objects are

56
Q

what color does the s cone represent

A

blue

57
Q

what color does the rod represent

A

white

58
Q

what color does the m cone represent

A

green

59
Q

what color does the L cone represent

A

red

PSY 1010 (4 decks)

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