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pharm 110 > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles that move eyebrows

A

corrugator supercilii: move them medically
orbicularirs oculi - brings them down

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2
Q

What separates the eyelids

A

palpebral fissure : white space of eyes
medial + lateral commissaries: connect upper and lower eyelids

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3
Q

T or FL The orbicularis oculi opens/lifts the top eyelid

A

F
levator palpebrae superioris: open and lift top eyelid
orbicularis oculi: closes top lid only

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4
Q

Where are tarsal glands and what do they do

A

embedded in tarsal plates in top and bottom eyelids
- produce oily shit that lubs the edges and prevents leakage out of eyes

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5
Q

Conjunctiva: types and functions

A
  • lines eyelids (palpebral) and whites of eyes (ocular, expect cornea)
  • lubricates and protects eye
  • continuous with each other
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6
Q

Function of the lacrimal apparatus + its parts

A
  • secretes tears (contain mucous, AB, and lysozyme)

leave gland via excretory glands (secrete at lateral edge) , collects at punctum into lacrimal canal —- to the sac and drain via nasolacrimal duct

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7
Q

T or F: the lacrimal caruncle secretes tears

A

F - oily secretion at night

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8
Q

acro. to remember extrinsic eye muscles and what they are innervated by

A

LR6SO4R3

Inf. oblique : moves eye up laterally + counterclockwise
Sup. oblique: moves eye laterally and clockwise

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9
Q

What layer of the eye is continuous with the iris

A

the choroid (where BV are)

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10
Q

What is the fibrous tunic

A

outermost layer made up of sclera (white, protects, and anchors muscles) and clear cornea (lets light in)

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11
Q

Vascular tunic components

A

choroid: gives blood to all tunics, bw sclera and retina, continuous with ciliary bodies and prevents light scattering

ciliary body: tissue that surrounds lens , anchors suspensory ligaments - keep lens in place
—- ciliary process + muscle controls lens shape
— zonule fibers: coarse hairs that interact with ciliary processes and control lens

iris : coloured part that lets light in, responds to emotions (dilate if appealed)

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12
Q

How does the pupil/ iris change in response to light

A

Close/bright; pupils constrict + iris closes via sphincter pupillae muscle (controlled by parasympathetic)

far/dim light: pupil opens more and iris gets smaller, controlled by dilator pupillae, pulls pupil down

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13
Q

Sensory tunic

A

RETINA : has all the photoreceptors

Back layer: pigmented epithelia cells: act as phagocytes to remove dead and damaged photoreceptors, not photosensitive

Transparent inner neural layer: include bipolar, ganglia, amacrine and photoreceptors (photoreceptors —- than bipolar than ganglia; from B to F)

path of light: will hit ganglia first

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14
Q

T or F: there are more ganglia than rods and cones

A

F - most rods/cones

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15
Q

Function of ganglia in retina

A

reception from bipolar cells —- have axons that go along eye surface and converge at optic disc at back of eye + leave at optic nerve

  • optic nerve: and central artery and vein of retina leave together
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16
Q

What is the only space with out BV

A

macula lutea: area with highest sensation for colour and crispest image

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17
Q

What is AMD and the types

A
  • degeneration of macule lutea: less quality or crisp image

Dry AMD: lose pigmented epithelia, destroy macula, loss central focus
Wet AMD: affected by choroid and BV, abnormal growth of BV === lose macula

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18
Q

What is retinopathy

A

found in diabetes
- artery and vein walls get weak and hemorrhage === blindness
- get bleeds that block photoreceptors /light

clots held in place by vitreous humour

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19
Q

What are the two segments of the eye

A

Posterior: behind lens, filled with vitreous humour, not constantly changing in volume , allow light transmission

Anterior segment: has 2 chambers
- anterior: bw cornea and iris
- posterior : bw iris and lens

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20
Q

Anterior chamber of the anterior segment function

A

contains aqueous humour, produced by the ciliary process (made in posterior segment)
—aqueous humour drains via scleral venous sinus ; helps support and remove waste
— control IOP (what holds the neural retina against pigmented layer *

continuously made and removed

21
Q

What is glaucoma

A

disease to the optic nerve
- when there is damage to the axons of ganglia —- blind spots develop
- brain compensates until big damage
- pressure at back of eye (IOP) increases and causes damage to axons — won’t get input from that area

*aq humour doesn’t flow through trabecular meshwork ; gets blocked and increase IOP

22
Q

Lens : what is is and function

A

biconvex, flexible and avascular

fxn: allows precise focusing onto retina
- made of epithelium and lens fibers

23
Q

Parts of Lens and function

A

Lens epithelium: cells that differentiate into fibers, make crystalline
Lens fibers: cells filled with crystalline (transport protein)

*as your age: these get more compact and less elastic, can’t focus on close shit

cataracts : clumps of crystallin

24
Q

Changing of lens shape

A

controlled by ciliary muscles attached to lens via zonules

focusing far: muscles relax and flatten

focusing close: ciliary muscles contract —- lens gets more biconvex

25
Q

What wavelength of light can we detect

A

400-700nm

26
Q

Difference between convex and concave lens

A

convex: converge light
concave: spread light

27
Q

Path of light when it goes through

A

cornea, aqueous humour, lens, Vitreous humour, neural layer to photoreceptors

28
Q

Where is light all refracted

A

cornea, entering lens, and leaving lens

29
Q

Changes to image when brought in

A

flipped on horizona. and vertical plane, and shrinks image

30
Q

Fovea

A

in macula (center of visual field)
- is the sharpest vision (high cones)
—- most clear and sharpest vision
—- a lot of cones —- colour vision

31
Q

Focusing on a distant

A

need little adjust — light rays are already parallel
- don’t change lens shape if more than 6m away

sympathetic: dilate eye + relaxation of ciliary muscles to see

32
Q

What happens to the rods and cones in a bright room

A

rods; inactive and saturated
cones: all active

33
Q

Focusing close

A

ACC
1) accommodation : change lens shape via ciliary muscles — more convex lens
2) constriction : sphin. pupillary reflex constricts pupils to prevent divergent light from getting in (parasympathetic)

3) Convergence; medial rotation of eyeballs

34
Q

Myopic eye

A

can’t see far
- eyed elongated, need to push focal point further back — diverge light more

Correction: concave lens

35
Q

Hypertonic eyes

A

can’t see close
eye shorter, need to bend light more to move focal point more forward

Correction: convex lens

36
Q

Rods

A

sensitive to dim light , not colour —- lower quality so fuzzy

  • ## lower resolution because 1 ganglia —— comes from many rod cells (convergence - don’t know which rod detected what)
37
Q

Basic structure of rods/cones

A

interact with pigmented epithelium —- phagocyte old discs from rods/cones
- outer segment : interacts with epithelium, has visual pigments (rhodopsin ) inside the discs
inner segment: has the organelles
synaptic - interact with bipolar

38
Q

What is retinal

A

visual pigment in membrane discs in rods/cones
- absorbs light
- combines with opsin to make rhodopsin —- visual pigment

  • Vit A makes retinal
  • has 2 forms: 11-cis and all trans
39
Q

What happens to rhodopsin in presence of light

A

absorbs light —- which converts all the retinal to all-trans (activation of optic nerve)
—- releases opsin

— 11 trans retinal is recycled in the retinal pigmented epithelium into 11-cis to be reused

40
Q

T or F: there is 4 types of cones

A

F - 3 types
— each detect specific colours/wavelengths

  • detect colour
  • no conversion of cones - 1 cone- 1 ganglia
  • higher amount in fovea and macula —- gives higher detail but need bright light
41
Q

Steps to phototransduction : Dark

A

Rhodopsin: inactive because in 11-cis form only —- doesn’t activate PDE (no conversion of cGMP to GMP) —- increase levels of cGMP —— cause ion channels on photoreceptors to open

—- depolarization of cell: tonic release of Inhibitory neurotransmitters to bipolar ——- turns bipolar off + doesn’t release neurotransmitters to ganglia
——- no activation of ganglia

Photoreceptor releases more neurotransmitters (IPSP) —— turns bipolar off + doesn’t release EPSP - ganglia not activated

42
Q

Phototransduction: Light

A

Rhodopsin bleached (converts all to trans retinal) —- activates transducin —- activates PDE to convert cGMP to GMP—- remove cGMP from ion channels (closes them)

—- decrease cGMP — close channels and photocell hyperpolarizes (doesn’t release IPSP) —— bipolar active —- release EPSP to ganglia

  • recovery: opsin and retinal recombine to rhodopsin —- inactive *
43
Q

T or F: Cones and rods are activated by light

A

F- deactivated —- don’t release neurotransmitter that inhibits bipolar

44
Q

Adaptation

A

Bright light: involved decrease retinal sensitivity — rod fxn lost , switch from rod to cone system (takes a bit )

Dark: cones switch to rods system; rhodopsin accumulates with trans

45
Q

On center off surround fields

A

stimulated by light hitting center, inhibited by light hitting periphery

46
Q

Off center on surround field

A

light inhibits when hits center, stimulated when light hits periphery

47
Q

Path of visual after leaves eye

A

optic nerve—- optic chiasm (crossing over occurs) —- optic tract — converge at LGN —- go to visual cortex of occipital lobe

48
Q

Important of crossing over occurring in optic chiasm

A

gives depth perception and 3D

— R sides of eyes —- R LGN
— L sides of eyes : left LGN

49
Q

ONce in the LGN , where can the info be sent

A

visual cortex
midbrain- eye movement control
SCN- help with info processing, hypothalamus — controls response

pharm 110 (4 decks)

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