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Neuroscience Exam 4 > Viscerosensory System > Flashcards

Viscerosensory System Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of the ANS

  1. What neural elements is is composed of?
  2. what kind of info is transmitted?
  3. What does it mediate and how?
  4. What are its divisions?
A
  1. Neural elements associated with internal organs/viscera including cardiac muscles, smooth muscle, and glandular epithelium
  2. Transmits afferent (viscerosensory) and efferent (visceromotor) information
  3. Mediates visceral reflexes through local circuits in the brainstem and spinal cord
  4. Divisions: Parasympathetic, Sympathetic, Enteric
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2
Q

What neurons transmit viscerosensory info?

A

Dorsal root ganglion neurons

CN 9 and 10

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3
Q

Receptors:

What are the two types?

A

Nociceptors

Physiologic receptors

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4
Q

Receptors: Nociceptors

What signals do they respond to?

A

Stimuli that have the potential to damage tissues or stimuli that result from the presence of damaged tissue

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5
Q

Receptors: Nociceptors

What signals do they respond to?

A

Stimuli that have the potential to damage tissues or stimuli that result from the presence of damaged tissue

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6
Q

Receptors: Nociceptors

Why is visceral pain often described as diffuse?

A

Visceral pain is diffuse/ difficult to localize because receptor density is low, and therefore the receptive fields are very large.

Hard to gauge where exactly pain is coming from.

Sensation of pain is also different

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7
Q

Receptors: Physiologic

What signals do they respond to?

A

Respond to innocuous stimuli that monitor the functions of the visceral structures on a regular basis.

These are the ones that help us maintain homeostasis.

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8
Q

Receptors: Fibers

What type of fibers are the viscersensory fibers?

A

They are General visceral afferent

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9
Q

Receptors: Fibers

How are these fibers classified

A

They are type 3 and 4 (slow transmission)

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10
Q

Receptors: Fibers

Where do these fibers travel?

A

Through sympathetic nerves:
sympathetic trunk

Through Parasympathetic nerves:
CN 9 and 10
Splanchnic nerves

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11
Q

Pathways: Sympathetic

What info does this pathway convey

A

Almost exclusively conveys info from nociceptors

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12
Q

Pathways: Sympathetic

What other pathway is this similar to? What are the similarities?

A

Similar to the somatosensory pathways

Similarities:
First order neurons have their cell bodies in dorsal root ganglion cells.
Uses the somatosensory pathways: dorsal column medial lemniscal system and anterolateral system

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13
Q

Pathways: Sympathetic

What is the clinical implication of having various pathways for viscerosensory info to travel up the chain?

A

We don’t have to worry about crossing: some of pathways cross in the spinal cord, other cross higher up in the brain stem.

There will be a different clinical presentation in viscerosensory and somatosensory impairment because the viscerosensory info can travel in so many pathways

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14
Q

Pathways: Sympathetic

What are the ultimate targets of the sympathetic viscerosensory pathways?

A

VPL of the thalamus

Post central gyrus and insular cortex

Reticular Formation

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15
Q

Pathways: Parasympathetic

What info does this pathway convey?

A

Almost exclusively conveys info originating from physiologic receptors

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16
Q

Pathways: Parasympathetic

What info does this pathway convey?

A

Almost exclusively conveys info originating from physiologic receptors

17
Q

Pathways: Parasympathetic

Where are the cell bodies of the 1sr, 2nd, and 3rd order neurons?

A

1st: there are 2 parts, cranial and sacral
Cranial: CN 9 and 10; synapse in the brainstem, mostly in the nucleus of the solitary tract
Sacral: cell bodies int he dorsal root ganglia
Follow viscerosensory sympathetic pathways

2nd: cell bodies in the nucleus of the solitary tract; follow viscerosensory sympathetic pathways
3rd: same as viscerosensory sympathetic

18
Q

Pathway Organization

Where do viscerosensory fibers that enter the SC at a particular level originate?

A

They originate from structures that receive GVE input form the same level

19
Q

Pathway Organization

What visceral activity reaches the level of consciousness and what doesn’t?

A

Most of the visceral sensory info that enters the spinal cord and brainstem does not reach the level of consciousness.

Only the information that is related to pain reaches the level of consciousness. Therefore, we are not sensing physiologic sensation directly.

Info from the sympathetic pathway (carries nociceptive info) has to reach the cortex for us to perceive it.

20
Q

Target Areas: reticular formation

What makes up the reticular fomation? Where is it located?

A

It is a diffuse and ill defined collection of nuclei interspersed among all of the more compact and named structures of the brainstem.

21
Q

Target Areas: reticular formation

What kind of information does it receive?

A

Receives both sympathetic (pain) and parasympathetic (physiologic) viscerosensory info

22
Q

Target Areas: reticular formation

Where does it project to?

A

Projects to the hypothalamus and the thalamus, which ultimately project to broad areas of the cerebral cortex, with the largest number terminating in the frontal lobe.

Fibers going to the thalamus and then from the thalamus to the cortex are what activate the cortex as a whole.

23
Q

Target Areas: reticular formation

Which fibers from the reticular formation allow perception?

A

Fibers going to the thalamus and then from the thalamus to the cortex are what activate the cortex as a whole.

The brainstem has to activate the cortex in order for us to perceive a painful stimulus

24
Q

Target Areas: reticular formation

Where does it project to?

A

Projects to the hypothalamus and the thalamus, which ultimately project to broad areas of the cerebral cortex, with the largest number terminating in the frontal lobe.

25
Q

Target Areas: reticular formation

What is the role of the reticulothalamic and thalamocortical pathways?

A

Fibers going to the thalamus and then from the thalamus to the cortex are what activate the cortex as a whole.

The brainstem has to activate the cortex in order for us to perceive a painful stimulus

26
Q

Target Areas: reticular formation

What is the role of the reticulothalamic and thalamocortical pathways?

A

Fibers going to the thalamus and then from the thalamus to the cortex are what activate the cortex as a whole.

The brainstem has to activate the cortex in order for us to perceive a painful stimulus

27
Q

Target Areas: Nucleus of the Solitary Tract

Where is it located?

A

Medulla

28
Q

Target Areas: Nucleus of the Solitary Tract

What is it involved in?

A

Taste

ANS

29
Q

Target Areas: Nucleus of the Solitary Tract

What is it involved in?

A

Taste

ANS

30
Q

Target Areas: Nucleus of the Solitary Tract

What kind of info does it receive?

A

Parasympathetic viscerosensory info (physiologic)

31
Q

Target Areas: Nucleus of the Solitary Tract

Where does it project to?

A

Physiologic info comes from the viscera, goes to the nucleus of the solitary tract.

NST then Projects to brainstem nuclei that are involved in pharyngeal and laryngeal reflexes, as well as the central regulation of respiratory, cardiovascular, and GI functions.

32
Q

Referred Pain:

What is it?
What is the mechanism?

A

When you have a noxious stimulus that originates in a visceral structure that is perceived as pain in a somatic structure.

Somatic pain is severe, sharp, and somatic even when the pain is in the viscera.

There are some patterns - sometimes where the somatic pain is can tell you where the visceral pain is originating

It is thought that the signals get crossed in the dorsal horn when a collateral from the GVA fiber synapses on the GSA fiber.

Neuroscience Exam 4 (5 decks)

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