Visceral system

Question 1

List and describe the 5 steps involved in the cardiac conduction cycle of the heart.

Answer 1

1. SA Node Activation: The sinoatrial (SA) node, the heart’s natural pacemaker, initiates an electrical impulse.
2. Atrial Conduction: The impulse spreads across the atria, causing them to contract and push blood into the ventricles.
3. AV Node Delay: The impulse is delayed at the atrioventricular (AV) node, allowing the ventricles time to fill with blood.
4. Bundle of His and Purkinje Fibers: The impulse quickly travels down the bundle of His and Purkinje fibres, stimulating ventricular contraction.
5. Ventricular Contraction: The ventricles contract, forcing blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta, leading to circulation.

Question 2

A. List the 3 basic layers of the arterial and venous wall
B. Which of these layers is responsible for changing vessel diameter
C. Describe the differences in the gross anatomy of veins and arteries

Answer 2

A. Intima, Media, Adventitia.
B. Tunica Media is responsible for changing vessel diameter.
C. Arteries have thicker walls, round shape, and carry oxygenated blood; Veins have thinner walls, larger lumens, and often carry deoxygenated blood; Veins may have valves.

Question 3

A. Trace the route of inhaled air from the external nares to the alveolus, naming all of the structures through which the air passes.
B. In this route, where does air enter the respiratory zone

Answer 3

A. External Nares (Nostrils),
Nasal Cavities (Nasal Passages),
Pharynx (Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx),
Larynx (Voice Box),
Trachea (Windpipe),
Bronchi (Right and Left Bronchus),
Bronchioles,
Alveolar Ducts,
Alveoli (Air Sacs).
B. Air enters the respiratory zone when it reaches the alveoli, which are the primary sites of gas exchange in the lungs.

Question 4

A. Identifying the 3 anatomical structures that are present in the small intestine and function increases the surface area for digestion and absorption.
B. What is the name of the mesentery that attaches the greater curvature of the stomach to the posterior abdominal wall?
C. When food enters the stomach, which region does it pass through first?

Answer 4

A. Circular Folds (Plicae Circulares): Permanent ridges of the mucosa and submucosa.
Villi: Finger-like projections of the mucosa.
Microvilli (Brush Border): Tiny projections on the surface of absorptive cells.

B. The greater omentum.

C. cardia

Question 5

A. List the 4 regions of the stomach
B. Which of the 3 subdivisions of the small intestine has the longest length
C. Name the 2 ducts through which bile and pancreatic enzymes travel through as they enter the duodenum of the large intestine
D. Name the artery that provides blood supply to the descending colon.

Answer 5

A. Cardia, Fundus, Body, Pylorus

B. The jejunum

C. Common Bile Duct (CBD):
Pancreatic Duct (Duct of Wirsung):

D. left colic artery.

Question 6

A. List the 7 sub-divisions of the large intestine that chyme from the ileum would travel through on its passage to exit the body
B. Name the anatomical feature of the large intestine that is comprised of longitudinal smooth muscle strips

Answer 6

A. Cecum
Ascending Colon
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Sigmoid Colon
Rectum
Anus
B. the taeniae coli.

Question 7

A. Trace the path urine takes in the urinary system, listing the structure and function of each major organ.
B. How is backflow of urine from the urinary bladder prevented?

Answer 7

A. Path of urine in the urinary system: Kidneys filter blood, ureters transport urine, bladder stores urine, urethra carries urine out.

B. Backflow prevention: Internal and external urethral sphincters act as valves.

Question 8

A. Name and describe the structures that function to protect the Kidneys from trauma
B. Blood leaving the renal cortex drains sequentially into which 2 veins after leaving the arcuate veins?

Answer 8

A. Renal Capsule: A tough, fibrous, transparent covering that surrounds each kidney, providing physical protection.
Perirenal Fat (Perinephric Fat): A layer of adipose tissue that cushions and protects the kidneys from physical shock.
Renal Fascia: A dense fibrous layer that anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures and helps maintain its position.
B. interlobar veins and then into the renal vein

Question 9

Draw a diagram of the major components of the female reproductive system. On your diagram, label 10 signficant structures.

Answer 9

Ensure your drawing has these labels:
Ovaries, Fallopian Tubes, Uterus, Cervix, vagina, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, bartholin’s glands, Urethral opening.