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BMS150 Post-MT2 > Visceral Anatomy and Histology of the GI Tract > Flashcards

Visceral Anatomy and Histology of the GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Superior border of abdominal cavity?

A

Diaphragm

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2
Q

Anterolateral border of abdominal cavity?

A

Musculo-aponeurotic walls

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3
Q

Inferior border of abdominal cavity?

A

Pelvic inlet

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4
Q

Posterior border of abdominal cavity?

A

Vertebrae

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5
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

Transparent, thin membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity

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6
Q

What is the peritoneum continuous with?

A

The serosa of the abdominopelvic organs

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7
Q

Lining of the interior of the body wall?

A

Parietal peritoneum

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8
Q

Pain in the parietal peritoneum is _______ to the overlying _______.

A

Well-localized; dermatome

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9
Q

Where is pain in the parietal peritoneum not well localized? Where is it referred to?

A

Over the diaphragm is referred to C3-C5

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10
Q

What can parietal peritoneum sense? (6)

A
  • Pressure
  • Cutting
  • Heat
  • Cold
  • Laceration
  • Inflammatory irritation
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11
Q

Lining of the visceral organs that is continuous with the serosa?

A

Visceral peritoneum

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12
Q

What does the visceral peritoneum also form?

A

Mesenteries, omenta, or ligaments (major folds)

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13
Q

Pain in the visceral peritoneum is _______

A

Poorly localized

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14
Q

What can the visceral peritoneum sense? (4)

A
  • Ischemia
  • Inflammation
  • Stretch
  • Chemical irritation
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15
Q

Double-layered peritoneal membrane continuous with serosal surfaces, connected to the stomach?

A

Omentum

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16
Q

Double-layered peritoneal membrane that surrounds the small intestine and large intestine at particular sites?

A

Mesentery (SI) and Mesocolon (LI)

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17
Q

Where does the greater omentum extend from and to?

A

Extends from greater (inferior) curvature of the stomach, over anterior abdominal cavity, and folds back up to join with the transverse colon

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18
Q

What does the greater omentum contain a lot of?

A

Lymph nodes and visceral fat

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19
Q

Where does the lesser omentum extend from and to?

A

Extends from the lesser (superior) curvature of the stomach and proximal duodenum, to the inferior aspect of the liver

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20
Q

What clinically important structures lie within the lesser omentum?

A
  • Hepatic artery
  • Common bile duct
  • Hepatic portal vein
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21
Q

What does the mesentery line and what does it bind them to?

A

Jejunum and Ileum; binds them to the posterior abdominal wall

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22
Q

What does the mesentary house?

A

Many important vessels and nerves

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23
Q

2 separate double-folds that connect the transverse sigmoid colon to the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Mesocolon

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24
Q

What does the mesocolon contain?

A

Lots of blood and lymphatic vessels, and also nerves

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25
Q

What divides the liver into right and left lobes?

A

Falciform Ligament

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26
Q

What does the Falsiform ligament connect to due to its embryological origin?

A

The umbilicus

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27
Q

What structures are retroperitoneal?

A
  • Most of the duodenum, parts of the ascending and descending colon, anal canal
  • Pancreas
  • Kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters
  • Aorta and inferior vena cavae
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28
Q

What is behind the stomach and lesser omentum?

A

Omental bursa

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29
Q

Another name for abdominal arterial vasculature?

A

Splanchnic circulation

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30
Q

How many sites do arteries branch off of the abdominal aorta?

A

3

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31
Q

What does the celiac trunk give rise to? (3)

A
  • Left gastric artery
  • Common hepatic artery
  • Splenic artery
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32
Q

What does the celiac trunk supply? (6)

A
  • Pancreas
  • Liver
  • Gall Bladder
  • Stomach
  • Duodenum
  • Spleen
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33
Q

Embryologically, what does the celiac trunk supply?

A

Structures of the embryologic foregut

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34
Q

What does the Superior Mesenteric Artery supply? (4)

A
  • Pancreas
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine up to transverse colon
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35
Q

Embryologically, what does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

A

Structures of the foregut and midgut

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36
Q

What does the Inferior Mesenteric Artery supply? (2)

A
  • The rest of the large intestine
  • Superior anus
37
Q

Embryologically, what does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

A

Structures of the hindgut

38
Q

What kind of circulation is abdominal venous circulation?

A

Portal circulation

39
Q

Inferior mesenteric vein joins with ________

A

Splenic vein

40
Q

The splenic vein and _______ come together to form the _______

A

Superior mesenteric vein; hepatic portal vein

41
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein carry?

A

Poorly-oxygenated but nutrient rich blood to the liver from most organs in the abdomen

42
Q

What are the layers of each organ (in general) from lumen to outer wall?

A

Mucosa => Submucosa => Muscularis => Serosa/adventitia

43
Q

Main functions of the mucosa? (4)

A
  • ABSORPTION
  • Secretion
  • Chemical digestion
  • Many endocrine functions
44
Q

Main functions of the submucosa? (1)

A
  • Secretion
45
Q

Main function of the muscularis? (1)

A
  • Propulsion
46
Q

Main functions of the serosa/adventitia? (2)

A
  • Anchors GIT
  • Allows mobility
47
Q

What makes up the mucosa? (3)

A
  • Epithelia lining
  • Lamina propria
  • Muscularis mucosa
48
Q

What is the epithelial lining made up of?

A
  • Epithelium
  • Goblet cells
  • Enteroendocrine cells
49
Q

What type of cells are the epithelium in the small intestine?

A

Simple columnar with apical microvilli (high absorption)

50
Q

What type of cells are most of the epithelium in the GIT?

A

Stratified squamous

51
Q

What is the purpose of apical microvilli?

A

Increase SA

52
Q

What does the lamina propria have a lot of? (4)

A
  • MALT
  • Blood vessels
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Mast cells
53
Q

Border between the mucosa and submucosa?

A

Muscularis mucosa

54
Q

What does the muscularis mucosa ensure?

A

Absorptive cells have access to contents of the lumen

55
Q

Where are there a lot of Enteroendocrine cells (DNES)?

A

Stomach and Small Intestine

56
Q

Open DNES?

A

Contact the lumen and can sense luminal contents

57
Q

Closed DNES?

A

Do not contact the lumen so rely on other sources of input to regulate secretion (hormones or NS input)

58
Q

G-Cell: Location, Hormone, and Function

A
  • Stomach
  • Gastrin
  • Increased secretion of stomach acid
59
Q

I-Cell: Location, Hormone, and Function

A
  • Small intestine
  • CCK
  • Pancreatic enzyme secretion and gall bladder contraction
60
Q

Mo-Cell: Location, Hormone, and Function

A
  • Small intestine
  • Motilin (fasting)
  • Migrating motor complex
61
Q

S-Cell: Location, Hormone, and Function

A
  • Small intestine
  • Secretin
  • Bicarb and water secretion from pancreas. Inhibits gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying
62
Q

What does the Submucosa contain? (2)

A
  • Large blood vessels and lymphatics
  • Submucosal plexus (Meissner’s plexus)
63
Q

What does Meissner’s plexus do? (2)

A
  • Regulate secretory activity of GIT
  • Convey sensory information from the lumen to other parts of the gut or CNS
64
Q

Where are 80% of the antibodies made in the body?

A

The GI Tract

65
Q

What are there high concentrations of in the lymphatic nodules?

A

Macrophages and lymphocytes

66
Q

What is Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT) made up of?

A
  • MALT
  • Peyer’s Patches
67
Q

What are Payer’s Patches? Where are they? What type of cells are in the epithelium overlying them?

A
  • very large (extends right through to the submucosa) nodules that may be cm in length
  • Found mostly in the distal SI
  • M-cells = endocytose intraluminal antigens
68
Q

Most parts of the GIT have what kind of muscularis? What is the exception?

A
  • Inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
  • Exception = Stomach: has additional oblique layer
69
Q

What is found between the two layers of muscularis?

A

Auerbach’s plexus (Muscular nervous plexus) = regulates muscular movements of GI

70
Q

Does esophagus have serosa?

A

No - adventitia instead (no mesothelium; dense CT)

71
Q

What forms the outer layer of the GIT (other than esophagus)?

A

Serosa = loose CT covered by simple squamous epithelium

72
Q

Autonomic nervous system efferents can impact muscular
movements = ___________

A

Auerbach’s plexus interaction

73
Q

secretions from glands in the mucosa and submucosa = __________

A

Meissner’s plexus interactions

74
Q

Small particles are absorbed by _________ and enter portal circulation

A

Venous pores

75
Q

Larger particles are absorbed by _______ and enter the thoracic duct

A

Lymphatic capillaries

76
Q

What is responsible for draining extra fluid that is produced during inflammatory processes?

A

Lymphatic absorption

77
Q

What is excess accumulation of peritoneal fluid?

A

Ascites

78
Q

Esophagus mucosa?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

79
Q

Esophagus muscularis?

A
  • Upper part = striated muscle
  • Lower part = smooth muscle
80
Q

Stomach mucosa?

A

Simple columnar cells epithelium arranged into pits and glands

81
Q

What do mucous neck cells secrete in the stomach muscoa?

A

Alkaline mucous that protects stomach from secreted acid

82
Q

Where are Payer’s patches found in the Small Intestine?

A

Ileum

83
Q

What are depressions between villi called in the Small Intestine?

A

Crypts

84
Q

What do three levels of folding in the Small Intestine mucosa do? What are present on the surface of enterocytes?

A

Optimize SA; Plicae circulares, villi, microvilli

85
Q

What are the large Brunner Glands in the duodenum for?

A

Protective against stomach acid

86
Q

Large Intestine mucosa?

A

Arranged into tubular intestinal glands to penetrate deep in lamina propria

87
Q

Are there a lot of goblet cells in the Large Intestine?

A

Yes

88
Q

What is unique about the Muscular layer of the Large Intestine?

A

Longitudinal layer is arranged into 3 separate bands known as teniae coli = DISCONTINUOUS

BMS150 Post-MT2 (17 decks)

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