Viscera of the pelvis

Question 1

Parts of the bladder

Answer 1

• fundus
• body
• apex
• neck
• urethra

Question 2

The ureters go into the…

Answer 2

bladder

Question 3

The neck of the bladder and urethra are where

Answer 3

outside of the bladder

Question 4

trigone of the bladder is on the

Answer 4

floor of bladder

Question 5

detrusor muscle in bladder does what

Answer 5

smooth muscle that causes bladder to empty

Question 6

The trigone in the bladder

Answer 6

• Two Ureteric Orifices (where the ureters enter the bladder) at the upper corners.
• Internal Urethral Orifice (where urine exits into the urethra) at the lower apex.

Question 7

External urethral sphincter is where

Answer 7

down closer to pelvic floor and perineum
- under conscious control

Question 8

male urethra is what compared to females

Answer 8

longer and more exaggerated

Question 9

internal urethral sphincter is where

Answer 9

near bladder
- under autonomic control

Question 10

function of the bladder is

Answer 10

storage and excretion of urine

Question 11

the detrustor muscle contracts to increase sense of urgency and this does what to sphincters?

Answer 11

presses on the urethral sphincters

Question 12

external urethral sphincter releases urine and has what feedback

Answer 12

positive feedback

Question 13

external sphincter in bladder is

Answer 13

somatic (conscious control)

Question 14

Urination is innervated by

Answer 14

S2, S3, S4

• parasym innervation from S2,S3,S4

Question 15

detrusor contracts under what innervation

Answer 15

parasympathetic

Question 16

conscious relaxion of pelvic diaphragm and urtheral sphincter begins

Answer 16

urination

Question 17

overall process of urination

Answer 17

1. Bladder fills → Stretch receptors send signals to S2-S4 spinal cord.
2. Parasympathetic activation (S2-S4) → Detrusor muscle contracts & internal sphincter relaxes.
3. Somatic control (Pudendal nerve, S2-S4) → External sphincter relaxes when you choose to urinate.

Question 18

Rectum has a bend to it, what does that allow

Answer 18

when you have folds in cell membrane, it increases area inside the rectum to allow you to hold more poop

Question 19

in rectum, superior rectal artery comes off

Answer 19

inferior mescenteric artery so technically hind gut

Question 20

in rectum, middle rectal artery comes off

Answer 20

internal iliac artery

Question 21

in rectum, inferior rectal artery comes off

Answer 21

internal pudendal artery

Question 22

in the rectum, the veins have

Answer 22

rectal venous plexus

Question 23

at the anorectal junction or dentae line, you transition from…

Answer 23

rectal mucosa to anal mucosa

Above → Visceral innervation (autonomic, less pain sensation).
Below → Somatic innervation (more sensitive to pain, touch, and temperature).

Question 24

the rectum has tansverse lateral folds that

Answer 24

help retain feces as needed

Question 25

internal anal sphincter in rectum and external

Answer 25

involuntary control voluntary control

Question 26

anal valves

Answer 26

Anal columns → Vertical ridges in the anal canal formed by underlying blood vessels. Anal valves → Located at the bottom of the columns; they help prevent excessive air pressure buildup. Farting → The rectum opens slightly to release built-up gas pressure without fully opening the sphincters.

Question 27

2 types of hemorrhoids

Answer 27

internal and external

Question 28

build up of blood flow in the internal rectal plexus (more deep)

Answer 28

internal hemorrhoid

Question 29

build up of blood flow in the external rectal plexus (closer to skin )

Answer 29

external hemorrhoid

Question 30

biggest danger is which type of hemorrhoid rupturing?

Answer 30

internal

Question 31

defecation has innervation from

Answer 31

S2 S3 S4

Question 32

innervation of defecation

Answer 32

The process of defecation is both involuntary (autonomic) and voluntary (somatic). Autonomic → Controls internal anal sphincter (involuntary). Somatic → Controls external anal sphincter (voluntary, pudendal nerve).

Question 33

movement of stool to rectum

Answer 33

Peristaltic-like movements from the colon (via the teniae coli) push stool toward the rectum. When stool enters the rectum, it causes rectal distension, stretching the rectal walls.

Question 34

sampling mechanism

Answer 34

Feces enter the upper anal canal. Thermoreceptors “sample” the contents to distinguish solid, liquid, or gas. If it’s just gas, a small relaxation of the sphincter allows for a controlled release (farting!).

Question 35

the external urethra sphincter surrounds the

Answer 35

urethra

Question 36

in females, you have extra sphincter that surrounds vaginal canal

Answer 36

urethrovaginal sphincter

Question 37

both males and females have deep transverse perineal

Answer 37

true

Question 38

men have right and left erectile tissue which is called

Answer 38

corpus cavernosum

Question 39

surrounds the urethra and protects it from compression during erection

Answer 39

corpus sponginosum

Question 40

contributes to erection and is compressed during ejaculation and urination

Answer 40

bulb of penis

Question 41

root of corpus cavernosum and anchored to ischiopubic ramis (pelvic bone)

Answer 41

curs of penis

Question 42

erectile tissue on either side of vestiblue that aids in labial spreading and arousal in females

Answer 42

bulb of vesitibule

Question 43

vestibular glands in female

Answer 43

located posteriorly, produce mucus for lubrication

Question 44

muscles and attachments

Answer 44

Ischiocavernosus Muscle: Runs from the ischiopubic ramus to the crus of the penis (males) or the crus of the clitoris (females); assists with blood flow into erectile tissues. Bulbospongiosus Muscle: Males: Compresses the bulb of the penis to expel the last drops of semen or urine. Females: Compresses the bulb of the vestibule, promoting blood flow into the clitoris and vestibular tissues. Superficial Transverse Perineal Muscle: Divides the urogenital triangle (anterior) from the anal triangle (posterior), supporting perineal structures.

Question 45

prostate is ___ to bladder

Answer 45

inferior

Question 46

the plexus that is in the testes

Answer 46

pampiniform plexus of veins

Question 47

the epididymis of the penis is where

Answer 47

at the end, superior to the testis

Question 48

ductus deferens is going to the

Answer 48

testis

Question 49

testis covered by

Answer 49

cavity of tunica vaginalis

Question 50

you have what ligament for the penis

Answer 50

suspensory ligament of the penis

Question 51

tunica albuginea covers the

Answer 51

testis

Question 52

septa of testis are

Answer 52

dividers, testosterone and sperm cells being made

Question 53

rete testis are

Answer 53

efferent ductules, both connect to epididymis

Question 54

epididmysis of testis has

Answer 54

head, body, tail, then becomes vas deferenes or ductus deferenes

Question 55

the arterial supply for the testis are in the kidneys, why?

Answer 55

developed by kidneys and descend down into pelvis, which is why the arteries for them in the aorta of abdomen and not in pelvis

Question 56

the vas deferenes travels from epididymis (where sperm mature) up through

Answer 56

inguinal canal as part of the spermatic cord (carries sperm cells towards the ejaculatory duct)

Question 57

seminal vesicle is located where

Answer 57

near the bladder - produces seminal fluid, which makes up majority of semen

Question 58

pathway of semen

Answer 58

The vas deferens joins with the seminal vesicle duct to form the ejaculatory duct. This duct passes through the prostate gland and empties into the prostatic urethra From the prostatic urethra, semen flows into the membranous urethra, then the spongy (penile) urethra, and finally exits through the external urethral orifice at the tip of the penis.

Question 59

prostatic artery comes off

Answer 59

inferior vesical of anterior iliac artery

Question 60

bulboruethral gland is important for whole process of

Answer 60

ejaculation

Question 61

pre ejaculate helps with what

Answer 61

pre cum to act as pH buffer so sperm can survive acidic pH of vagina