Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MOD Final > Viruses & Fungi > Flashcards

Viruses & Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic makeup and characteristic of a virus

A

A submicroscopic infectious agent containing DNA or RNA which require living cells for energy and reproduction. They are obligate intracellular pararsitc agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the must know DNA Viruses

A

Herpesvirus

Hepadnavirus

Adenovirus

Papovavirus

Parvovirus

Poxyvirus

HHAPPPy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List the herpesviridae family

A

Herpes simplex I & II

Varicella-Zoster Virus

Epstein-Barr Virus

Cytomegalovirus

HHV-6 (roseola)

HHV-8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Distinguish between the two main Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) and how are they transmitted

A

HSV I: orofacial involvement

HSV II: genital involvement

Transmitted via skin to skin contact. Can cause lifelong persisnt infection since you can’t get rid of it. Dormant in trigeminal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some diseases caused by HSV

A
  1. Acute gingivostomatitis (orofacial) & genital herpes
  2. Herpetic whitlow: finger infection
  3. Neonatal infection - TORCH (intrauterine death)
  4. Encephalitis (#1 cause of viral encephalitis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

State the key features of the two Varicella-Zoster diseases

A

Varicella (chickenpox)

  • ​Childhood disease
  • highly infectious
  • After 2 weeks incubation rash manifests in all stages (papules - blisters - ulcers - crusted scabs)

Herpes Zoster (Shingles)

  • Dormant in dorsal nerve root ganglia
  • Painful lesion in dermatomal distribution when reactivated (old age, bad immune)
  • Encephalitis seen in immunocompromised
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)

  1. Route of transmission
  2. Disease
  3. Risk for cancer
  4. Diagnosis
  5. Peripheral blood findings
A
  1. Contaminated toothbrushes, utensils (kissing disease). Affects preadolescents, adolescents & young adults. Directly infects B cells receptors
  2. EBV mononucleosis (fever, sore throat, lymphadenopathy hepatosplenomegaly, atypical lymphocytosis)
  3. B cell lymphomas (Hodgkin’s & Burkitt) & Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  4. Heterophile antibody test (monospot) & EBV antibody test (if monospot is negative)
  5. Lymphocytes have more cytoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

  1. Route of transmission
  2. Clinical manifestations
  3. Key features
A
  1. Worldwide, found in body fluids
  2. CMV mononucleosis - similar to EBV. Lymphocytosis but more pronounced fever. Reactivation in immunocompromised causes Chorioentinitis (pain,redness, vision loss, blurry vision, floating black spot)
  3. TORCH - most common cause of intellectual disability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Roseola (HHV-6)

  1. Route of transmission
  2. Clinical manifestation
A
  1. Self limited illness of young children. Found in saliva
  2. 3-5 days of high fever followed by immediate rash on trunk region
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV-8)

  1. Route of transmission
  2. Disease causes
  3. Clinical manifestation
  4. Group affected
A
  1. Sexual transmission and saliva
  2. Kaposi Sarcoma - intermediate grade vascular tumor
  3. Red-pruple nodules or plaques on skin
  4. Endemic in Eastern Europe/Middle East males, African children and in AIDS patients
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hepatitis A

  1. DNA or RNA
  2. Transmission
  3. Chronic or acute
  4. Diagnosis
A
  1. RNA
  2. Enteric
  • Fecal/oral
  • contaminated food/water
  1. Acute
  2. Antobody Testing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hepatitis B

  1. DNA or RNA
  2. Transmission
  3. Chronic or acute
  4. Diagnosis
A
  1. DNA
  2. Parenteral
    * Blood transfusion, needle sticks, sex, across placenta
  3. Chronic
  4. Separate slide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hepatitis C

  1. DNA or RNA
  2. Transmission
  3. Chronic or acute
  4. Diagnosis
A
  1. RNA
  2. Parenteral
    * Blood transfusion, needle sticks, sex, across placenta
  3. Chronic
  4. Antibody Testing, RNA testing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hepatitis D

  1. DNA or RNA
  2. Transmission
  3. Chronic or acute
  4. Diagnosis
A
  1. RNA
  2. Parenteral
  • Blood transfusion, needle sticks, sex, across placenta
  • Transmission requires Hep B
  1. Chronic
  2. Antibody Testing, repeat testing recommended
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hepatitis E

  1. DNA or RNA
  2. Transmission
  3. Chronic or acute
  4. Diagnosis
A
  1. RNA
  2. Enteric
  • Fecal/oral
  • contaminated food/water
  1. Acute except genotype 3
  2. Antobody Testing, RNA testing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the characteristics of acute viral hepatits and what viruses cause it?

A

Fatigue, malaise, jaundice, painful liver

Hepatitis A & E (except genotype 3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the characteristics of fulminant viral hepatits and what viruses cause it?

A

Rare, rapid severe hepatitis. Coninfection with hepatitis B & D.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the characteristics of chronic viral hepatits and what viruses cause it?

A

Asymptomatic that can lead to cirrhosis and predispose to hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatitis B-D, Genotype 3 of E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the general manifestations of all hepatitis

A
  • Increased liver function tests (AST, ALT)
  • Rise in bilirubin
  • Increase clotting times due to loss of liver derived factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Explain the hepatitis B serology

HBsAg

HBsAb

HBeAg

Anti-HBeAg

Anti-HBcAg (IgM & IgG)

A

HBsAg: Hep B surface antigen (+) = live virus present

HBsAb/Anti-HBsAg: Hep B surface antibody (+) = infection gone or immunized

HBeAg: Hep B e antigen (+) = current infection & high infectivity

Anti-HBeAg: low infectivity

Anti-HBcAg (IgM & IgG): M = new infection, G = older or previous infection

LOOK AT SLIDE 16 FOR TABLE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Adenovirus

Clinical manifestation

A

Upper respiratory tract illness

+/- fever

pharyngitis and/or cold-like symptoms (sore throat, rhinorrhea, cough, malaise)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What viruses cause the common cold (sore throat, rhinorrhea, cough, malaise) & respiratory system

A

DNA virus:

Adenovirus

RNA viruses:

Rhinovirus (most common)

coronavirus

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

metapneumovirus

parainfluenza

Cold CRRAMPs my style

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the most common cause of pneumonia in young children

A

1 cause: Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV) –> induces giant cell formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What virus cause croup and what is a common characteristic seen in kids with croup

A

Parainfluenza

barking cough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

List the must know papovavirus

A

Papillomavirus

BK polyomavirus

JC polyomavirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

  1. What does it cause
  2. How is it screened
A
  1. Common genital warts. The most common sexually transmitted disease. causes epithelial dysplasia that can progress to carcinoma. Strain 16,18,31,45 can cause cervical cancer
  2. Pap smear test - catches dysplasia and carcinoma by cytology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

BK Polyomavirus

  1. major manifestation
  2. cytopathic effect
  3. Patient population
A
  1. Infects urothelial tract (bladder, kidney, ureter)
  2. Ground glass inclusions in renal tubules
  3. Immunocompromised pts. & Renal transplant pts.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

JC Polyomavirus

  1. major manifestation
  2. Patient population
A
  1. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, behavioral, speech, cognitive and motor impairment
  2. AIDS patients
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Parvovirus B19

  1. Disease manifestation
  2. What does this virus target
  3. Effects on pregnancy
A
  1. Erythema infectiosum (fifth’s disease), “Rash slapped cheeks”, low grade fever
  2. Infects red blood cells (RBC) precursors resulting in severe anemia if concomitant with other hemolytic disease (sickle cell, thalassemia)
  3. In pregnancy the fetus is susceptible to severe parvovirus induced anemia causing hydrops
30
Q

List the poxviridae family and their clinical presentation

A

Molluscum contagiosum: superficial skin infection with characteristic dome shaped flesh colored lesions with center dimple

Smallpox: lesions always in same stage unlike chickenpox

31
Q

Influenza (Orthomyxovirdidae)

  1. Function of the virulence factors
  2. Clinical manifestations
A
  1. Hemagglutinin: binds sialic acid receptors allowing virus to bind to upper respiratory tract cells and RBC

Neuraminidase: disrupts mucin barrier

  1. High fever, rhinorrhea, cough, myalgias, arthralgia
32
Q

Explain antigenic drift and antigenic shift and how they contribute to the disease pattern within the population

A

Antigenic drift: mutations result in small changes in hemagglutinin or neuraminidase. Previous antibodies partially recognize. Can still be infected but milder disease.

Antigenic shift: Trading of RNA segments between viruses results in a completely new hemagglutinin or neuraminidase. Everyone susceptible causing a pandemic

33
Q

Measles (Paramyxoviridae)

Clinical and disease manifestation

A
  • 2 weeks incubation period
  • Koplik’s spots (white oral lesions withh red periphery)
  • Head to tow maculopapular rash
  • Slowly progressive neurologic disease months to yrs after called Subacute sclerosing panenecphalitis (SSPE)
34
Q

Rubella “German measles”

clinical and disease manifestation

A

Mild measles-like illness. TORCH infection causing congenital defects of heart, eyes CNS

35
Q

List the TORCH infections that cause severe perinatal disease

A

T - Toxoplasmosis

O - Other agents such as syphilis

R - Rubella

C - Cytomegalovirus

H - Herpes Simplex

36
Q

Mumps (Paramyxoviridae)

clinical manifestations

A
  • 3 weeks incubation
  • spreads through bloodstream causing fever with bumps and infects parotid (parotitis) and testes (orchitis)
37
Q

Coxsackie Virus (A)

clinical manifestations

A

1. Herpangina: bilateral, vesicular eruption in back of throat (white spots)

2. Hand, foot and mouth disease: pediatric illness, mild fever with erythematous/vesicular lesions on hands, feet, in/around mouth (red dots)

38
Q

SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

  1. Signs and symptoms
  2. Likely reservoir
A
  1. Atypical pneumonia, cough, fever, headache, decreases smell/taste, dyspnea, myalgias
  2. Bats
39
Q

Hantavirus

  1. Manifestations
  2. Reservoir
  3. Geographical region
A
  1. Influenza-like illness (high fever, muscle aches, cough, nauseas & vomiting) that can evolve to Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
  2. Rodent feces, urine
  3. Southwestern U.S.
40
Q

List some of the major diarrhea causing viruses

A

Norovirus - crowding (cruise ships, Katrina evacuees)

Rotovirus - significant cause of infant death globally

Astrovirus

Adenovirus

41
Q

Rhabdoviridae (Rabies)

  1. Pathogenesis
  2. Characteristic manifestations
  3. Transmission
A
  1. Virus migrates up the nerve axon to CNS
  2. Week to yr incubation period, nonspecific prodrome followed by hydrophobia, agitation/aggressive/hallucinatory behavior and finally paralysis, coma and death
  3. Bites of infected warm blooded animals (bats, raccoon, skunk, fox)
42
Q

Flaviviridae

list the mosquito born illnessses of flaviviridae and their distinguishing features and disease manifestation

A
  1. Yellow fever - hepatitis with jaundice
  2. Dengue fever - break-bone fever (back and joint pain)
  3. Zika virus - Fever rash, joint pain, microcephaly in infants.
  4. West Nile Virus - Fever, headache, meningitis, encephalitis
43
Q

Poliovirus

Manifestation

A

Aseptic meningitis that can progress to flaccid asymmetric paralysis. Virus attacks anterior motor neurons.

included for completion. Largely eradicated

44
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

  1. Mode of transmission
  2. Pathogenesis
  3. Clinical manifestations
A
  1. Sex, blood transfusion, healthcare accidents, perinatal transmission
  2. Binds to and infects and kills CD4+ T cells
  3. Acute (1 month after exposure): Fever, fatigue, myalgia, lymphadenopathy, pharyngitits.

latency period (7-8 yr): Increase in generalized lymphadenopathy, fever, weight lodd, night sweats as CD4+ T cell count decreases

45
Q

What are the opportunistic infections seen in HIV

A

Slide 42 in lecture

  1. Candida - causes oral thrush (white plaques on tongue)
  2. Crytococcus neoformans - clearing around arganism = polysaccharide capsule
  3. Toxoplasmosis gondii - Ring enhancing lessions in brain CT
46
Q

What are some neoplastic risk in HIV

A
  1. Lymphomas - B cell lymphomas w/ EBV infection
  2. Kaposi sarcoma - required coinfection with HHV-8
  3. Cervical carcinoma - almost always with concomitant HPV infection
47
Q

Basic Definitions

Fungi

Hyphae

Yeast

Spore

A

Fungi - spore producing eukaryotic microorganisms

  • Hyphae - filamentous multicellular structure that can group together to form a mold
  • Yeast - unicellular budding form
  • Spore - Reproductive single cell produced by hyphae
48
Q

What are thermally dimorphic fungus

A

Fungi that have different forms at different temperatures

room temp (25 C) - hyphal form

body temp (37 C) - yeast form

49
Q

What are the superficial fungal infections covered in class

A

Pityriasis versicolor

Tinea nigra

Dermatophytes (Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton)

50
Q

What are the Subcutaneous Fungal infections covered in class

A

Sporothrix (dimorphic)

Chromoblastomycosis

51
Q

What are the Systemic Fungal infections covered in class

A

Candida albicans

Histoplasmosis (dimorphic)

Blastomyces (dimorphic)

Coccidioides (dimorphic)

Cryptococcus neoformans

Cryptococcus gattii

Aspergillus

Mucormycosis

Pneumocystis

52
Q

What are the fungal-like bacteria covered in class

A

Actinomyces

Nocardia

53
Q

Pityriasis versicolor (Tinea versicolor)

clinical manifestations

A

Hypopigmented or hyperpigmented skin macules caused by Malassezia species

54
Q

Pityriasis versicolor (Tinea versicolor)

clinical manifestations

A

Dark brown/black spots often on palms caused by Hortae (Exophaiala) weneckii

55
Q

Dermatophytes (Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton)

clinical manifestations

A

Secrete keratinase

pruritic, scaly, circular rash, erythematous ring

56
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of the follow dermatophytes

Tinea corporis

Tinea cruris

Tinea pedis

Tinea capitis

Tinea unguium (onchomycosis)

Tinea barbae

A

Tinea corporis = affects main body “ring worm”

Tinea cruris = affects groin/scrotum “jock itch”

Tinea pedis = feet, especially toes “athlete’s foot”

Tinea capitis = involves scalp, predominantly children

Tinea unguium (onchomycosis) = involves nails

Tinea barbae = involves hair

57
Q

Sporothrix schenckii

  1. Clinical manifestations
  2. Transmission route
A
  1. Subcutaneous ulcerative nodules
  2. Soil and on plants (thorns, wood) - “gardening disease”. Fungus transported proximally through lymphatics

Room temp - hyphae (mold)

Body temp - Yeast

Think thrix - thorn

58
Q

Chromoblastomycosis

  1. Transmission route
  2. Clinical manifestation
  3. Unique feature
A
  1. Tropical/subtropical areas, splinter, thorns w/ lymphatic spreas like Sporothrix
  2. Violet wartlike lesion –> cauliflower wart
  3. Sclerotic bodies - protective fungal form resistant to immune reaction
    * Chromoblastomycosis = cauliflower*
59
Q

Candida albicans

  1. Risk factors
  2. Principal disease
A
  1. Immunocompromised, diabetics, warm moist environments
  2. Oral thrush (esophagitis - Immunocompromised), Vaginitis, Rash (under skin folds - obesity, diabetics)
60
Q

What are the general features of Histoplasma, Blastomyces & Coccidiodes

A
  • All dimorphic fungi
  • Cause primary lung infections
  • Result in granulomas
  • Spread hematogenously especially in immunosuppressed patients
  • Diagnosed by biopsy/cytology & culture
  • Show increased eosinophils in blood
61
Q

Histoplasma

  1. Clinical manifestations
  2. Geographic distribution
  3. Environmental reservoirs
A
  1. Lesions calcify - asymptomatic infection, pneumonia
  2. Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio River Valleys
  3. Bird, bat droppings, caves abd chicken farms
62
Q

Blastomyces dermatitidis

  1. Clinical manifestations
  2. Geographic distribution
  3. Environmental reservoirs
A
  1. Symptomatic, penumonia, multisystem disease (weight loss, night sweats), skin involvement (cutanoues plaques)
  2. Mississippi River Valley, Great Lakes,
  3. Soil or rotten wood
63
Q

Coccidioides immitis

  1. Clinical manifestations
  2. Geographic distribution
  3. Environmental reservoirs
A
  1. Self limiting acute penuminia (chest pain, fever, cough) “Valley fever”
  2. Southwestern United States, desert areas

Coccidipides = Cactus

64
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

  1. Transmission route
  2. Risk factors
  3. Clinical manifestations
  4. Key diagnostic findings
A
  1. Pigeon dropping, aerosolized transmission
  2. Yeast form with large polysaccharide capsule
  3. Meningoencephalitis (fever, headache, stiff neck, photophobia) primarly in immunocompromised
  4. Bronchoalveolar lavage of lumbar puncture. India ink shows clearing around capsule
65
Q

Cryptococcus gattii

  1. Transmission route
  2. Risk factors
  3. Clinical manifestations
A
  1. Soil around certain trees (fir tree) - Pacific Northwest US
  2. Similar to cyrptococcus neoformans but affects immunocompetent more
  3. Pulmonary manifestations
66
Q

Aspergillus

  1. What does it contaminate
  2. Major manifestations
A
  1. Grains, peanutsm corn and rice
  2. Major manifestations
  • Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
    • Astham-like bronchospasm
  • Aspergilloma
    • Lung cavitation fills with aspergillus “fungus ball”
  • Aflatoxins
    • Poinsons food causing chronic liver injory predisposing to hepatocellular carcinoma
67
Q

Mucormycosis (Zygomycosis)

Risk factors

A
  • Opportunitistic infections (rhino-orbital-cerebral infection)
  • seen in immunocompromised (neutropenia). Grows well with increased glucose and acidic conditions
  • Predisposing conditions: diabetes & organ transplant
  • Deferoxamine potentiates infection by deliving iron to fungi
68
Q

Mucormycosis (Zygomycosis)

Disease manifestation

A
  1. Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis
    * Acute sinusitis –> involve palate, orbit and brain –> fatal if not treated
  2. Pulmonary Mucormycosis
69
Q

Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii)

  1. Risk factor
  2. Clinical mainfestation
A
  1. AIDS defining illness
  2. Fever, SOB, nonproductive cough, in immunocompromised
70
Q

Actinomyces

  1. Key features
  2. Manifestations
A
  1. Gram positive, filamentous branching bacteria. Found in normal flora or oral cavity, URT, GI & GU. Characteristic sulfur granule formation
  2. Eroding abscesses in cervicofacial region. Also in GI and lung
71
Q

Nocardia asteroides

  1. Key features
  2. Manifestations
A
  1. Gram positive, filamentous, opportunitic infection of immunocompromised. Acid fast bacteria. Very similar disease to Tb.
  2. Aerosolized transmission that causes pneumoni, lung abscesses and cavitations.

MOD Final (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions