Viruses and Bacteria

Question 1

Are viruses living or non-living?

Answer 1

Non-living

Question 2

A virus is

Answer 2

a collection of virons.

Question 3

Most viruses require

Answer 3

a specific host.

Question 4

Viruses are made of

Answer 4

protein capsids & DNA or RNA strands.

Question 5

Viruses are classified by structure:

Answer 5

\+dsDNA 
\+ssDNA
\+dsRNA
\+ssRNA
\+naked or enveloped

Question 6

Viral Replication

Answer 6

Lytic & Lysogenic

Question 7

Lytic Replication:

Answer 7

> VIral DNA/RNA enters cell
Host cell produces coded proteins & DNA/RNA
Host cell Lyses (bursts)
New viral particles released into organism

Question 8

Lysogenic Replication:

Answer 8

> Viral DNA/RNA enters cell
Viral DNA/RNA combines with host chromosomes
Host cell replicates normally, but with new coding for new virus
Eventually will enter lytic cycle

Question 9

Viroids

Answer 9

specific to plants; short circular RNA; No protein coat; about 33 identified

Question 10

Prions

Answer 10

affect nervous system of animals; proteinaeous infectious particle; not sure of replication; induces proteins misfolds; harder to de-nature than nucleic acids; mad-cow disease.

Question 11

WHO

Answer 11

World Health Organization; United Nations

Question 12

CDC

Answer 12

Centers for Disease Control & Prevention; based in Atlanta, GA

Question 13

Virulent

Answer 13

automatically replicate in lytic cycle

Question 14

Latent

Answer 14

hidden in the lysogenic cycle for a while

Question 15

Temperate

Answer 15

viruses in between

Question 16

Vaccine

Answer 16

exposure to virus to build immunity

Question 17

Retrovirus

Answer 17

RNA virus introduces codes for DNA (reverse of normal cells); WBC are hosts for HIV

Question 18

Parvovirus

Answer 18

ssDNA; Naked type; parvo in canines – feline panleukophenia.

Question 19

Papovirus

Answer 19

dsDNA; naked type; warts, human papilloma virus

Question 20

Rhabdovirus

Answer 20

ssRNA; enveloped type; rabies; lettuce necrotic yellow virus

Question 21

General Prokaryote Structures

Answer 21

Cytoplasm……Nucleoid
Cell Wall……..Capsule
Ribosomes…..Cytoplasmic Membrane
Pili……………..Flagella

Question 22

Prokaryotes reproduce asexually:

Answer 22

Binary Fission
     doubles & splits
Recombination
     Conjugation
     Transformation
     Transduction
     Transportation

Question 23

Prokaryotes are found in every environment EXCEPT

Answer 23

a sterile one.

Question 24

Bacteria

Answer 24

are prokaryote cells

Question 25

Bacteria Shapes:

Answer 25

Rod (baccili)
Spherical (Cocci)
Spiral (spiro)

Question 26

Bacteria Colonies:

Answer 26

Strepto (chain)
Staphylo (cluster)
Di- or Tetrad-

Question 27

Helicobacter pylori

Answer 27

ulcers

Question 28

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Answer 28

atypical pneumonia

Question 29

Yersinia pestis

Answer 29

Bubonic or black plague

Question 30

Kingdom Archaebacteria

Answer 30

• • CW w/ polysaccharides & proteins
• • CM w/ ether lipids
• • DNA w/ histones
• • No pathogenic species found
• • Discovered by nucleic acids in environmental samples

Question 31

3 main Phyla

Answer 31

Crenarchaeota – thermophiles
Euryarchaeota – methanogens, halophiles
Nanoarchaeota

Question 32

Kingdom Eubacteria

Answer 32

• • CW w/ peptidoglycans
• • CM w/o ether lipids
• • DNA w/o histones
• • Includes economic beneficial species and pathogens

Question 33

Classification

Answer 33

Cyanobacteria-photosynthetic; mostly fresh water; some multicellular forms; some form “lichens”; nitrogen fixing

Gram-positive

Gram-negative

Question 34

Aseptic Techniques

Answer 34

Disinfectant
Antibiotic
Bactericidal
Culturing
Swab
Petri dish
Growing Medium

Question 35

Kingdom Protista

Answer 35

Protists; eukaryotic; unicellular

Question 36

Phylum; plant like

Answer 36

chlorophyta; green algae
phaeophyta; brown algae
rhodophyta; red algae
bacillariophyta; diatoms

Question 37

Phylum; animal like

Answer 37

zoomastigophora; flagellates
sarcodina; amoeboid
ciliophora; cilia
apiocomplexa; “test’ + flagellum