viruses Flashcards
What is a virus? Are they living organism?
Submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside living cells; noncellular (not living cells)
What is a bacteriophage?
Viruses that infect and replicate only in bacterial cells
What types of cells and organisms can viruses infect?
Every time of host cell (plants, animals, fungus, protists, bacteria, and archaea)
Name the parts of a virus
1) envelope protein, 2) envelope, 3) capsid, 4) viral genome, 5) enzyme
What is apoptosis?
A type of cell death in which a series of molecular steps in a cell lead to its death; programed cell death
What is Cell Lysis?
The breakdown of a cell caused by damage to its plasma (outer) membrane
What occurs during attachment (1)?
A virus attaches to a specific receptor through attachment proteins
What happens during entry (2)?
Genetic material of the virus enters; Occurs through endocytosis
What happens during replication and assembly (3)?
Uses host-cell proteins and enzymes to replicate viral DNA and transcribe viral mRNA; Retroviruses must contain the virus-specific transcriptase that can transcribe RNA into DNA
What happens during Egress?
Release of new virions produced in the host organism; Infect adjacent cells and repeat the cycle
What is the disease name of SARS-CoV-2?
COVOID-19
What is SARS-CoV-2 related to?
SARS and MERS
What is coronavirus describing?
The structure of the virus; Envelope studded with proteins (the dark red shapes) that attach to receptors on cells in the respiratory tract
How many Americans have been infected by HPV and how many occur each year?
42 million; 13 million a year
What is a misconception about HPV?
That it only really affects women
How does HPV spread?
Through skin-to-skin contact
When do most infections of HPV go away?
After 2 years
Is there an HPV vaccine?
Yes from ages 9-15 or a bit older
What can HPV cause?
Can cause warts or cancers to cervix, vagina, vulva, penis, anus, and back of throat; approximated 36 causes of cancer
What are the causes of HPV?
Number of sexual partners, age, weak immune system, damaged skin, and personal contact
How do you prevent and treat viral infections?
With Antiviral Drugs
How do vaccines work?
Uses live, killed, or subunits of a virus to expose the immune system to the vaccine to create antibodies
What are back-mutations?
When lab-grown viruses are exposed to different factors that they’re not normally found in and adapt
