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viruses Flashcards

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1
Q

columns:Front

A

Back

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2
Q

What do some people consider viruses to be, due to their lack of life characteristics?

A

Complex pathogenic chemicals.

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3
Q

What is the number one cause of acute infectious diarrhea?

A

Rotavirus

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4
Q

What are the two members of the Togaviridae family that infect humans?

A

Rubi virus and another unspecified member.

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5
Q

How long does virus shedding last for Norwalk Virus post-recovery?

A

Up to 3 weeks

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6
Q

What severe symptoms did the antigenic shift of a virus cause in Hong Kong?

A

Fever, severe pneumonia, and death in almost half of the infected persons.

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7
Q

What type of virus is Hepatitis C classified as?

A

Enveloped icosahedral RNA virus

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8
Q

What is the primary mode of transmission for Hepatitis B virus?

A

Blood to blood (parenteral) transmission is the primary mode.

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9
Q

What disease does the Rubi virus cause?

A

Rubella, also known as German measles.

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10
Q

What is the shape and structure of the Rhabdoviridae virus?

A

Bullet-shaped, enveloped, helical symmetry

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11
Q

How was the spread of the virus in Hong Kong controlled?

A

By destroying poultry.

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12
Q

What ability do viruses have that leads others to consider them the least complex living entities?

A

They can invade cells, take control of their host cell, and replicate themselves.

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13
Q

What are the possible outcomes of Hepatitis B virus infection?

A

Acute hepatitis, fulminant hepatitis, and chronic hepatitis.

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14
Q

Through which routes can Hepatitis C be transmitted?

A

Parenterally, sexually, via blood transfusion, and through the placenta

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15
Q

How is rubella prevented?

A

Through the Rubella vaccine.

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16
Q

What family does the Influenza A virus belong to?

A

Orthomyxoviridae.

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17
Q

What virus family does Human Papillomavirus (HPV) belong to?

A

Papovaviridae

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18
Q

What are the three stages of rabies infection?

A

Prodrome, Acute encephalitis, Classic brain encephalitis

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19
Q

What are the complications of Influenza related to bacterial infections?

A

Secondary bacterial pneumonia caused by S. aureus, Strep. pneumoniae, and others.

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20
Q

What characterizes fulminant hepatitis caused by Hepatitis B?

A

Severe acute hepatitis with rapid destruction of the liver.

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21
Q

What are viroids and how do they differ from RNA viruses?

A

Viroids are extremely small, circular pieces of RNA that are infectious and pathogenic in plants, lacking a capsid unlike RNA viruses.

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22
Q

What family does the Hepatitis C Virus belong to?

A

Flaviviridae

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23
Q

How is rabies transmitted to humans?

A

Infected saliva through bite or wound

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24
Q

How can chronic hepatitis B manifest without causing liver injury?

A

As an asymptomatic carrier state where the virus is harbored without liver injury.

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25
Q

Which HPV strains are associated with cervical dysplasia and carcinoma?

A

16 & 18

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26
Q

What are the primary symptoms of measles?

A

Cold-like symptoms, sore red eyes sensitive to light, high fever, and small greyish-white spots on the inside of the cheeks.

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27
Q

What is the treatment for rabies?

A

Human rabies immune globulin followed by 5 days injection of killed rabies virus vaccine

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28
Q

What are the main components of the Hepatitis C Virus structure?

A

Envelope, Capsid, (+)ssRNA, E1/E2 Glycoproteins

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29
Q

What medication is recommended for children with influenza or Varicella to prevent Reye syndrome?

A

Acetaminophen.

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30
Q

How does German measles differ from measles in terms of the affected body systems?

A

German measles invades the lymph nodes, skin, and eyes, while measles specifically infects the respiratory system.

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31
Q

What is the structure of the RNA strand of the small potato spindle tuber viroid?

A

Single-stranded circle that may appear linear due to hydrogen bonding.

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32
Q

How does Ebola virus disease spread among humans?

A

Direct contact with blood, vomitus, urine stool, serum

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33
Q

What is a significant risk associated with chronic Hepatitis B infection?

A

Primary hepatocellular carcinoma due to HBV DNA incorporation into hepatocyte DNA.

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34
Q

What is the function of Amantadine in relation to Influenza A?

A

Prevents uncoating of the virus, thus preventing infection or decreasing severity if given early.

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35
Q

What are the three mechanisms of entry for animal viruses into host cells?

A

Direct penetration, Membrane fusion, Endocytosis

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36
Q

What are prions and how do they cause disease?

A

Proteinaceous infectious agents that cause disease by converting normal cellular PrP proteins into a disease-causing form through conformational change.

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37
Q

How is Hepatitis B diagnosed?

A

Through a blood test to find antibody to the virus.

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38
Q

What are common symptoms of Hepatitis C?

A

Headaches, fever, hepatic encephalopathy, lethargy, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, gynecomastia, pruritus, liver cirrhosis, spleen enlargement, abdominal pain, spider angiomas, ascites, diarrhea or constipation, darker urine

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39
Q

How is Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1) mainly transmitted?

A

Oral-to-oral contact

40
Q

What is the difference in replication location between DNA and RNA viruses?

A

DNA viruses often enter the nucleus, RNA viruses often replicate in the cytoplasm

41
Q

How are Influenza vaccines produced?

A

Grown in mass in chick embryos, then inactivated and purified.

42
Q

What are the two stable forms of prion protein (PrP)?

A

Cellular PrP and prion PrP.

43
Q

What is the most common cause of viral encephalitis according to the text?

A

Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1)

44
Q

How do enveloped viruses typically leave the host cell?

A

Budding

45
Q

What are the symptoms of Yellow Fever?

A

Fever, headache, jaundice, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue.

46
Q

What is the mortality rate of Yellow Fever?

A

30%

47
Q

What size range do viruses typically fall within?

A

Viruses range from about 20 nm to 300 nm in diameter.

48
Q

What is the key difference between Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae in terms of their RNA?

A

Paramyxoviridae’s (-) stranded RNA is in a simple strand not segmented.

49
Q

What is the role of HbsAg in the serology of Hepatitis B?

A

Its presence always indicates a live virus and infection.

50
Q

What are the effects of prion diseases on the brain?

A

Fatal neurological degeneration, fibril deposits in the brain, loss of brain matter, large vacuoles forming in the brain, and a characteristic spongy appearance.

51
Q

What disease does the Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) cause in its primary infection?

A

Chickenpox

52
Q

How is Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) unique in its replication?

A

It can only replicate with the help of the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV).

53
Q

What types of nucleic acid can a virus’s genome consist of?

A

A virus’s genome can consist of either RNA or DNA, but not both.

54
Q

What does the presence of IgM anti-HBcAg indicate?

A

Acute illness or a new infection.

55
Q

How are prions destroyed?

A

By incineration or autoclaving in 1 N NaOH.

56
Q

What triggers the reactivation of Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) to cause Shingles?

A

Waning immunity

57
Q

Which protein causes infected host cells to fuse together into multinucleated giant cells in Paramyxoviridae?

A

Fusion protein (F protein).

58
Q

What are the symptoms of Dengue Fever?

A

Fever, headache, muscle pain, eye pain, bone pain, nausea/vomiting, joint pain, and rash.

59
Q

What distinguishes Hepatitis E Virus from other hepatitis viruses?

A

It is a single-stranded RNA virus transmitted fecal-orally and shares similarities with HAV.

60
Q

Why can’t viruses carry out metabolic pathways?

A

Viruses lack the necessary components, such as cytoplasmic membrane, cytosol, and organelles, to carry out metabolic pathways.

61
Q

What distinguishes the DNA virus family Poxviridae in terms of complexity and replication?

A

Poxviridae is structurally the most complex of all known viruses, does not have icosahedral symmetry, and replicates in the cytoplasm.

62
Q

What is the primary prevention strategy for Hepatitis B?

A

Active immunization through a recombinant vaccine.

63
Q

What is a key feature of Retroviridae viruses concerning their genetic material?

A

They carry reverse transcriptase, converting viral RNA into DNA.

64
Q

What is the term used to describe the extracellular state of a virus?

A

Virion.

65
Q

How does interferon alpha work in the treatment of chronic active hepatitis B?

A

It suppresses HBV DNA and HBeAg in 50% of treated patients.

66
Q

Name four viruses under the Paramyxoviridae family that cause human disease.

A

Parainfluenza virus, Respiratory syncytial virus, Mumps virus, Measles virus.

67
Q

What serious complication is associated with a second serotype of Dengue?

A

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever.

68
Q

What makes up the capsid of a virus?

A

The capsid is made up of protein subunits called capsomeres.

69
Q

What is the most common congenital infection according to the text?

A

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

70
Q

What are the primary transmission routes for Hepatitis A and E?

A

Fecal-oral route.

71
Q

What are the two distinct genetic clades of the monkeypox virus and which one is historically more severe?

A

The central African (Congo Basin) clade and the west African clade, with the Congo Basin clade being historically more severe.

72
Q

Which virus is known as the ‘kissing disease’ and why?

A

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), because it is transmitted through saliva.

73
Q

What is the incubation period for Hepatitis A before acute hepatitis develops?

A

15-40 days.

74
Q

How does HIV primarily damage the immune system?

A

By destroying T helper lymphocytes.

75
Q

What are the primary modes of HIV transmission?

A

Sexual activity, blood product transfusion, IV drug use with needle sharing, and transplacental spread from mother to fetus.

76
Q

What type of immunity does the anti-HAV IgG antibody provide?

A

Protective immunity against future infection with HAV.

77
Q

What birth defects can Zika virus infection during pregnancy cause?

A

Microcephaly, ventriculomegaly, intracranial calcification, limb contractures, hearing loss, and visual abnormalities.

78
Q

How do viruses acquire their envelope?

A

Viruses acquire their envelope from the host cell during viral replication or release.

79
Q

How is Hepatitis A spread?

A

When fecal matter enters the mouth.

80
Q

What is the major site of replication for Hepatitis A?

A

Liver.

81
Q

What is the primary way scientists classify viruses?

A

Scientists classify viruses based on the nature of their genomes.

82
Q

What is the No. 1 cause of viral encephalitis in Asia?

A

Japanese Encephalitis.

83
Q

What determines the specificity of a virus to its host?

A

The affinity of viral surface proteins for complementary proteins on the host cell surface determines the specificity.

84
Q

What are the primary liver enzymes tested to establish hepatitis?

A

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), Alkaline phosphatase

85
Q

What indicates a patient is immune against Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)?

A

Development of anti-HBsAg

86
Q

What are the disease manifestations of Poliovirus?

A

Mild illness, aseptic meningitis, and paralytic poliomyelitis.

87
Q

What are the two types of viral replication?

A

Lytic replication and lysogenic replication.

88
Q

What is the outcome of lytic replication for the host cell?

A

Lytic replication usually results in the death and lysis of the host cell.

89
Q

How is Poliovirus transmitted within the body?

A

It replicates in the tonsils and Peyer’s patches, spreads in the blood, and crosses the blood-CNS barrier to the anterior horns of the spinal cord.

90
Q

What is antigenic drift in the context of influenza viruses?

A

Antigenic drift is a mutation in the HA and NA glycoproteins of the influenza virus, leading to changes in their antigenic nature.

91
Q

What condition does Coxsackie A virus cause?

A

Herpangina.

92
Q

What common illness is Rhinovirus known to cause?

A

The common cold.

93
Q

Why is antigenic shift particularly concerning for influenza type A viruses?

A

Antigenic shift involves a complete change of HA and NA or both, potentially leading to more serious diseases due to the trading of RNA segments between animals and humans.

94
Q

What are the main symptoms of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)?

A

Mild to moderate respiratory illness, with some cases becoming seriously ill.

95
Q

What symptoms are caused by Norwalk and rotavirus?

A

Diarrhea, fever, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

Microbiology and parasitology (1 decks)

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