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viruses Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

virus attaches to the host cell

A

Adsorption

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2
Q

work by lessening the symptoms of a viral infection

A

antiviral drugs

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3
Q

a virus that has been genetically altered so it will not cause harm to the host

A

Attenuated vaccine

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4
Q

A virus discovered by Dherelle and Twort that affects bacteria

A

bacteriophage

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5
Q

protein coat that surrounds the virus

A

capsid

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6
Q

Capsid with 20 faces

A

icosahedron-shaped virus

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7
Q

virus that has been inactivated so as not to cause disease

A

virus that has been inactivated so as not to cause disease

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8
Q

when the host cell busts open

A

lysis

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9
Q

Any virus that has not been previously documented

A

novel virus

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10
Q

prions

A

abnormal strand of protein that clumps together in the cell membrane

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11
Q

prophage

A

a new set of protein strands that were produced during prophage formation

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12
Q

receptor site

A

location that allows the virus to directly attach to the host

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13
Q

retrovirus

A

works backward

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14
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

enzyme used by retrovirus

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15
Q

ribosome

A

produces protein

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16
Q

temperate virus

A

doesn’t cause immediate harm

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17
Q

virology

A

study of viruses

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18
Q

viroids

A

smallest known particles that are able to replicate

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19
Q

virulent viruses

A

cause immediate harm to the host

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20
Q

Aids stands for?

A

acquired immune deficiency syndrome

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21
Q

How are aids transmitted?

A

unprotected sex and using contaminated needles

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of aids?

A

rapid weight loss/pneumonia/recurring fever

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23
Q

what can be done to treat aids?

A

antiretroviral therapy

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24
Q

what can be done to prevent aids?

A

practice safe sex/ don’t use dirty or unclean needles/don’t use illegal injectable drugs

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25
Q

What is Bovine spongiform encephalopathy?

A

also known as mad cow disease- a fatal disease in cattle

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26
Q

How is mad cow transmited

A

by eating contaminated feed

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27
Q

What are the symptoms of mad cow

A

changes in temper and abnormal posture

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28
Q

how do you prevent mad cow

A

prohibit the feeding of most mammalian proteins to ruminants, including cattle

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29
Q

what causes mad cow

A

an abnormal prion

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30
Q

what causes chicken pox

A

varicella-zoster virus

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31
Q

symptoms of chicken pow

A

rash that forms tiny fluid-filled blister, fever, headache, tiredness, loss of appetite

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32
Q

how is chickenpox transmitted from person to person

A

close contact with someone who has chicken pox

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33
Q

What can be used as a treatment for chickenpox

A

backing soda paste, cool oatmeal baths, calamine lotion

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34
Q

what is the name of the newly discovered coronavirus that is currently causing our world wide pandemic

A

SARS-CoV-2

35
Q

what is the correct name of the illness that is caused by the newly discovered coronavirus

A

covid-19`

36
Q

How is covid spread

A

droplets released into the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes and they are inhaled by another

37
Q

when was the first reported case of corona and where was is reported

A

December 1, 2019 from Wuhan China

38
Q

what is the incubation period of covid

A

14 days

39
Q

what are the three most crucial practices that can stop the spread of corona

A

good hygiene, respiratory etiquette, social distancing

40
Q

what is the epstein barr virus

A

the virus that causes monoa

41
Q

what is the epstein barr virus linked to

A

hodgkin’s lymphoma

42
Q

where do you find new world hantavirus

A

america

43
Q

what rodent is most responsible for hantavirus

A

deer mouse

44
Q

what are symptoms of hantavirus

A

early symptoms include: fatigue, fever, muscle ache, headaches, dizziness, chills, abdominal issues (diarrhea, vomiting, ect.)

45
Q

the mortality rate of hantavirus is

A

38%

46
Q

what is the best way to prevent hantavirus

A

eliminate contact with wild rodents

47
Q

What is hepatitis b linked to

A

liver cancer

48
Q

what does hiv stand for

A

human immunodeficiency virus

49
Q

how does hiv attack the human body

A

attacks cd4 cells

50
Q

what are two risk factors for contacting hiV

A

unprotected sex and dirty needles

51
Q

what is the origin of hiv

A

originated from chimpanzees as SIV

52
Q

how can you protect yourself from HIV

A

Don’t use dirty or unclean needles, don’t use injectable illegal drugs, use safe sexual practices

53
Q

what is PrEP

A

pre-exposure prophylaxis which are oral medications taken to protect oneself from getting HIV

54
Q

what is PEP

A

post-exposure prophylaxis which are antiretroviral drugs used after a single-high risk event to stop the HIV seroconversion

55
Q

what does HPv stand for

A

human Papillomavirus

56
Q

what is hpv linked to

A

cervical cancer

57
Q

How is influenza transmitted

A

droplets from a sneeze or a cough from an infected person/ touching the virus then your face

58
Q

how did victims die from influenza in 1918

A

the lungs filled with fluid and they suffocated

59
Q

What were the two main reasons why the world was unprepared to deal with this type of severe influenza pandemic in 1918?

A

here was a shortage of medical personnel due to World War I and there were no vaccines or antiviral drugs available

60
Q

In 2008, researchers discovered the reason why the 1918 influenza strain was so deadly. Describe what these researchers discovered.

A

the researchers discovered a group of three genes that enabled the virus to weaken the victims bronchial tubes and lungs which cleared a path for a severe infection of bacterial pneumonia

61
Q

what is kuru

A

disease similar to CJD found in certain tribes that practice cannibalism

62
Q

What is the name of the virus that causes poliomyelitis (or polio)?

A

poliovirus

63
Q

what is the mortality rate of those suffering from polio

A

between 2 and 10%

64
Q

How is the polio virus transmitted from person to person?

A

contact with feces or droplets from a sneeze

65
Q

Identify the two types of vaccines that prevent polio.

A

oral poliovirus vaccine which is still used throughout the world today, inactivated polio vaccine that is given in the arm or leg

66
Q

How effective is the polio vaccine when given to children that complete all the recommended doses?

A

99 out of 100 children are safe

67
Q

Since 1979, no polio cases have originated within the United States. In 1993, however, a traveler brought the polio virus to the U.S. What is the best way to keep the United States “polio-free”?

A

maintaining high immunity by vaccination

68
Q

What are the four pillars of eradication according to the GPEI (Global Polio Eradication Initiative)?

A

surveillance, routine immunization, targeted “op-up” campaign, and supplementary immunization

69
Q
  1. Who developed the polio vaccine and when was it first used on humans?
A

Jonas Salk (1952)

70
Q
  1. How were the “killed virus” vaccines produced?
A

vaccines were produce by growing samples of the virus and then deactivating them by adding formaldehyde so that they could no longer reproduce

71
Q
  1. Who developed a competing “oral vaccine”?
A

albert sabin

72
Q
  1. Why did the oral vaccine become more popular than the “killed virus” vaccine?
A

it was cheaper to produce and easier to administer

73
Q

How is rabies virus usually transmitted to humans?

A

via the bite of an infected animal

74
Q

Identify the four local wild animals that are the most common reservoirs for the rabies virus.

A

raccoons, bats, foxes, and skunks

75
Q

How can the rabies virus be prevented?

A

vaccinations for pets can help prevent the spread of the rabies virus

76
Q
  1. Describe the progression of symptoms of the rabies virus. (list the early symptoms first and the later end-stage symptoms last)
A
  1. flu-like symptoms early
  2. progress to cerebral dysfunction, anxiety, confusion, and agitation
  3. later stages include delirium, hallucinations, hydrophobia, coma, and death
77
Q

sars

A

virus that causes covid

78
Q

scrapie

A

disease in sheep that is characterized by the slow degeneration of the nervous system until the sheep finally dies

79
Q

Shingles

A

worse version of chicken pox

80
Q
  1. Smallpox is caused by the _____ virus.
A

variola virus

81
Q
  1. Describe how Sarah Nelms and James Phipps factored into the development of the vaccine for smallpox.
A

Nelms was the milkmaid who had cowpox. Jenner inoculated Phipps with this cowpox from Nelms. Phipps got cowpox. When he recovered, Jenner then exposed Phipps to smallpox, which he did not get.

82
Q

There are only two places in the world where the smallpox virus is stored. Where are these two places located?

A

WHO-russia and WHO-atlanta

83
Q

How is smallpox transmitted from person to person?

A

contact with items that may be infected with the virus (bedding, clothing, etc.)
direct face to face contact
contact with fluid from scabs of an infected person

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