Viruses

Question 1

Pox

Answer 1

ds DNA virus
linear DNA
special because it’s made in the cytoplasm
large, dumbbell shaped
can acquire different membranes and become double membraned

examples:
small pox
monkey pox

Question 2

small pox

Answer 2

eradicated due to vaccine (1977/1979)
replicates in upper respiratory tract
internal and dermal tissues
centrifugal pattern of vesicles in rash
all lesions at same stage
appear very ill

vaccine was based on cow/horse pox

Question 3

monkey pox

Answer 3

primates and rodents
vaccine virus protects against virus
spread through skin, saliva, feces, urine
most common in men having sex with men

Question 4

molluscum contagiosum

Answer 4

molluscum contagiosum occurs- benign epidermal tumors, localized infection, shiny smooth lesions, common in HIV, can also occur with monkey pox

Question 5

Herpes Viridae

Answer 5

latent, localized
naked, enveloped, icosahedral
dsDNA, linear
sometime oncogene (EBV)- kissing disease

HSV transported on microtubules
primarily infect sensory ganglia

examples:
alpha:
-HSV1/2
-Varicella
-Herpes Zoster
-HHV-8

beta:
CMV
HHV-6

gamma:
EBV

Question 6

HSV 1

Answer 6

primarily oral
alpha herpes

Question 7

HSV 1

Answer 7

primarily genital
alpha herpes

Question 8

tzank smear

Answer 8

syncytium

Question 9

cowdy type A

Answer 9

inclusion bodies

Question 10

varicella

Answer 10

chicken pox
can cause birth defects
very contagious, primary disease
respiratory route

Question 11

herpes zoster

Answer 11

shingles
reactivation
dermatome pattern, does not cross midline

Question 12

EBV- epstein-Barr virus

Answer 12

“kissing disease”
disseminated
infectious mononucleosis
epithelial, beta cells, and other lymphocytes
can be cancer causing
can cause pharyngitis or heterophile antibody

agglutination, low IgM, atypical lymphoctes, fever

Question 13

HHV-8

Answer 13

kaposi’s sarcoma
HIV infected people sexually transmitted

Question 14

CMV human cytomegalovirus

Answer 14

beta herpes
in utero
inclusion body- owl’s eye
heterophile antibody negative mononucleus

Question 15

HHV-6

Answer 15

beta herpes
elevated fever
saliva shedding
maculopapular rash
mostly kids/babies

fever, fever, fever, rash

Question 16

adenoviridae

Answer 16

naked
DNA
icosahedral
dsDNA, linear
larger
prolonged survival
in unusual clinical enviornment
occurs with crowding
respiratory, croup, laryngoteacheobranchius conjuntivitis

Question 17

parvo

Answer 17

slapped cheek
can cause fetal harm
smallest, naked icosahedral
ssDNA

Question 18

papovaviridae

Answer 18

naked
icosahedral
dsDNA, circular

2 branches:
-papillomavirus
-polyomavirus- HPV (16/18), gardasil vaccine

Question 19

Hepadnaviridaue

Answer 19

icosahedral
enveloped
unique DNA, nicked partially double stranded

example Hep B

Question 20

Hep B (HBV)

Answer 20

vaccine available
hepatocellular cancer
associated with chronic infection
some viruses are integrated or free in nucleus as episope

HBcAg- core antigen (capsid antigen)
HBeAg- breakdown product of core, active infection
HBsAg- surface antigen (neutralizing agent), can serve as decoy, released into serum of infected people

Question 21

DNA viruses in human cancer

Answer 21

hep B- primary hepatocellular carcinoma

HPV- 16/18 cervical cancer

Human herpesvirus- 8 kaposi sarcoma

EBV- epstem barr virus
nasopharyngeal carcinoma
african burkitt’s lymphoma

Question 22

latent/chronic DNA virus infection

Answer 22

herpes
papova
hepadna

Question 23

reoviridae

Answer 23

dsRNA
naked
icosahedral

example:
rotovirus- fecal/oral, infants

Question 24

picornaviridae

Answer 24

+ssRNA
naked
icosahedral

examples
-enterovirus- polio
-Hep A
-rhinovirus

Question 25

poliomyelitis

Answer 25

type of enterovirus type of picorn virus
acute illness involving meninges
naturally occurring eleminated
cases in NY are vaccine dervived

Question 26

calciviridae

Answer 26

naked
icosahedral
larger than pico
+ssRNA

example norovirus- fecal oral

Question 27

caliciviridae like

Answer 27

hep B

Question 28

hep B

Answer 28

acute hep
fecal/oral
poor sanitation
fatal in pregos

Question 29

Togaviridae

Answer 29

enveloped nulceocapsids
icosahedral
+ssRNA

Rubella
arbovirus- hep C, zika, yellow fever, dengue

mantaviridae
rubi
rubella

Question 30

coronavirus

Answer 30

SARS- 2003
MERS-Cov- 2012 saudi arabia

COVID-19
SARS COV-2

spike protein uses human ACE2 as viral receptor= efficient spread= hard to control with respiratory transmission= enveloped viruses are typically easier to control but not this one

treatments:
paxlovid
remdsaveir
monoclonal antibody treatment

very sick: dysregulation of IL-6 (cytokine storm)

tests:
PCR and antigen

vaccines:
RNA- Pfizer and Moderna
Adenoviral vector DNA- JJ
1st mono, now bivalent

Question 31

orthomyxovirdiae (influexnaviridae)

Answer 31

-ssRNA
8 segments of RNA, segmented genome
encode different proteins

spikes-hemagglutin (H) attachement to sialic acid on host

neuroanmidase (N)- release from host

point mutations-> antigenic drift
reassortment-> antigenic shift-> pandemics

Type ABC, worse to better

Question 32

paramyxovirdae

Answer 32

synctium formation
enveloped
synctium
ssRNA

example
parainfluenza
mumps- maternal antibodies can protect up to 6 mos
RSV- lower respiratory tract infection, vaccine in progress

Question 33

rhabdovirdiae

Answer 33

-ssRNA
bullet shaped

example
rabies- enchephelitis, fatal
vaccine available

Question 34

unclassified RNA virus

Answer 34

-ssRNA
Hep D

can only replicate with He[ B

Question 35

Retroviridae

Answer 35

+ssRNA
2 copies, diploid

HIV

Question 36

HIV

Answer 36

HIV structure
gp120- glycoprotein attachement
gp41- protein, fusion
reverse transcriptase
integrase
protease

On host:
CXCR4- T cells
CCR5- macrophage

M tropic then T tropic

people who are homozygous for deletions in CCR5 are resistant to HIV

Question 37

HIV to AIDS

Answer 37

leads to immunosuppresion, no CD4+ leads to AIDs

opportunistic infections:
kaposi’s sarcoma
pneumocystis