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Microbiology and Parasitology (Lec) > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

Meaning of SARS

A

severe acute respiratory syndrome

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2
Q

Cause of swine flu and avian flu

A

influenza virus

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3
Q

Are there more existing antibiotic or antiviral agents?

A

more antibiotic

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4
Q

A viral infection which is likely to be eradicated in the future

A

poliovirus

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5
Q

What viral infection has already been eradicated globally?

A

smallpox

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6
Q

What are the two things that started the golden era of virology?

A

observation of virus with electron microscope and development of cell tissue culture

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7
Q

Name that viruses got after people discovered that it cannot be retained by filtration

A

filterable agents or filterable viruses

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8
Q

Virus discovery came about when the cause of ____ cannot be explained by the presence of bacteria

A

rabies

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9
Q

Earliest piece of evidence for viruses

A

hieroglyph of an Egyptian priest with poliomyelitis

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10
Q

Smallest virus which is approximately 28nm in size

A

poliovirus

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11
Q

Size of mimivirus

A

750nm

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12
Q

Refers to the protein core or coat of the virus

A

capsid

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13
Q

Is poliovirus linear or circular in its viral genome?

A

linear

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14
Q

Is hepatitis B virus linear of circular in its viral genome?

A

circular

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15
Q

How many segments does influenza have in its viral genome?

A

8 segments

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16
Q

What is the characteristics of influenza RNA in terms of sense and number of strand?

A

minus sense ss

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17
Q

How many segments/molecules does poliovirus viral genome have? What is the sense and number of strand/s of its RNA?

A

one molecule, plus sense ss

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18
Q

What is the sense of a virus whose RNA can be directly translated by the host ribosome?

A

plus sense

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19
Q

Explain how retroviruses encode their genome

A

Its RNA undergoes reverse transcription with an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to make a DNA. This DNA will be transcripted into mRNA which is due for translation into proteins.

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20
Q

Why is it important to consider if a genome is infectious or not when choosing a viricidal agents?

A

If the viricidal get only damages the viral capsid or envelope and not the nucleic acid, there might be an occurrence of multiplicity reactivation

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21
Q

Is poliovirus infectious or not?

A

infectious

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22
Q

Refers to the complementary reconstruction of an infectious particle by hybridization of gene pool of inactivated virus.

A

multiplicity reactivation

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23
Q

Functions to protect nucleic acid from detrimental chemical and physical conditions such as disinfection

A

viral capsid

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24
Q

Refers to subunits of viral capsids

A

capsomeres

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25
Q

How many architectural styles/conformations can capsomeres result to?

A

3

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26
Q

Year when advent of virology was observed

A

1931

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27
Q

Contribution of Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska in virology

A

invention of the 1st electron microscope

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28
Q

Do viruses have energy or not?

A

energy-less: they float around until they encounter a host cell

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29
Q

Occurs when virus takes control of the host cell’s synthetic machinery

A

replication

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30
Q

Purpose of glycoprotein

A

viral reception, important for infectivity

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31
Q

Enzyme that facilitates transcription of minus sense RNA to plus sense RNA

A

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

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32
Q

Nature of viral genome is important for development of antiviral treatment as it helps in ____

A

identifying drug targets

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33
Q

Another term for viral particle

A

virion

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34
Q

Capsomeres are a number of subunits of ______ chains arranged into _______

A

polypeptide, globular proteins

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35
Q

Exhibits geometric conformation composed of triangular phases

A

icosahedral

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36
Q

Conformation that resembles the shape of a spring

A

helical symmetries

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37
Q

Complex capsomere structure of mammalian viruses wherein a proteinaceous structure envelopes the viral genome core can be found in p_____ and r______

A

poxviruses and rhabdoviruses

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38
Q

Complex structure consisting of capsid head, a tail and fibres

A

bacteriophages (bacterial viruses)

39
Q

Capsomeres are held together by this type of intermolecular force

A

non-covalent - allows release of viral genomes upon dissociation

40
Q

Do capsomere subunits make up more of the genetic information in viral genome or formation or capsid?

A

more genetic information in viral genome

41
Q

Capsomere conformations that form hexons and pentons

A

icosahedral capsid

42
Q

Number of hexons and pentons that make up an adenovirus

A

240 hexons and 12 pentons

43
Q

Number of hexons and pentons that make up a poliovirus

A

20 hexons and 12 pentons

44
Q

What capsid shapes does influenza and mumps viruses have?

A

helical

45
Q

(T/F) Viral nucleic acid of helical structures are found at the ridges on the inside of each subunit fills the core.

A

False, core is hollow

46
Q

What is the result of the close association between viral nucleic acid and capsid proteins in a helical structure?

A

nucleic acid is damaged in the disaggregation of capsid after physical or chemical treatments

47
Q

The viral envelope is a lipidic envelope which came from the _____

A

host cell

48
Q

When is the viral envelope added to the virion?

A

during replication or excision of viral progeny from host cells

49
Q

Where does the herpes simplex virus gets its envelope from?

A

host cell nuclear membrane

50
Q

Where does the influenza virus gets its envelope from?

A

host cell cytoplasmic membrane

51
Q

Part of the viral envelope that plays an important serological role

A

viral proteins

52
Q

Do proteins on the viral envelope come from the host cell or encoded by viral genome

A

encoded by viral genome

53
Q

Are viruses with viral envelopes more or less susceptible to chemical and physical conditions outside the host cell?

A

more susceptible

54
Q

Do viruses with viral envelopes persist longer or shorter on organic soil, organic solvents and detergents?

A

longer

55
Q

Lipids in viruses are generally _____

A

phospholipids

56
Q

Virus-encoded structures responsible for viral infectivity as they recognize the host cell receptor site for viral specificity.

A

glycoproteins

57
Q

Glycoproteins in bacteriophages may take the shape of _____

A

tail fibres

58
Q

Systemic viral infection that causes vesicular rashes on face, arms and legs

A

smallpox

59
Q

Causative agent of smallpox

A

variola (poxvirus)

60
Q

Poxvirus from cowpox virus which is used to immunize against smallpox

A

vaccinia (poxvirus)

61
Q

Size and structure of adenovirus

A

icosahedral particles, 80nm in diameter

62
Q

Causes upper respiratory tract infection which might produce latent infections on tonsils and adenoids

A

adenovirus

63
Q

Produced by adenovirus when injected on hamsters, rats or mice

A

tumours

64
Q

Structure of herpesviruses

A

150nm, enveloped icosahedral symmetry

65
Q

Type of herpesvirus which causes infection on oral membrane in children, >80% are infected by adolescence; after primary infection, individual retains virus DNA on trigeminal nerve ganglion and has 50% of developing into cold sores

A

herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1)

66
Q

Area targeted by HSV2

A

genital area (causes recurrent genital herpes)

67
Q

Herpesvirus which causes chickenpox in children

A

Varicella zoster virus (VZV)

68
Q

Remains dormant in any dorsal root of the CNS; release of immune control among elderly may cause reactivation which is manifested by shingles

A

Varicella zoster virus (VZV)

69
Q

Group where VZV belongs to

A

Herpesvirus

70
Q

Structure and size of cytomegalovirus (CMV)

A

150nm, enveloped icosahedral symmetry

71
Q

Acquired in childhood as a subclinical infection, 50% of adults carry the virus in dormantstate in the white blood cells

A

cytomegalovirus

72
Q

On cytomegalovirus: severe diseases (e.g. pneumonia, hepatitis, encephalitis) may be acquired when patient is ______; primary infection during pregnancy may cause serious _______ abnormalities in fetus

A

immunocompromised, congenital

73
Q

Structure of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

A

150nm, enveloped icosahedral symmetry

74
Q

How does infection occur for Epstein-Barr virus?

A

salivary exchange

75
Q

This virus causes an infection that is asymptomatic in children but persists in latent form in lymphocytes (WBC). Infection is delayed until adolescence which is manifested as glandular fever.

A

Epstein-Barr virus

76
Q

In tropical Africa, severe infection of EBV in early life predisposes children to develop ______ (Burkitt’s lymphoma)

A

malignant facial tumours

77
Q

Size and structure of hepatitis B virus

A

42nm diameter of spherical enveloped particle enclosing a 27nm inner icosahedral capsid

78
Q

In Southeast Asia and Africa, most children are infected thru prenatal infection while Westerners usually acquire this through blood or sexual means

A

hepatitis B virus

79
Q

Strong evidence shows that HBV can progress to this type of cancer

A

liver cancer

80
Q

Papilloma viruses are under this group

A

papovaviruses

81
Q

Multiply on epithelial cells and mucous membrane which causes warts. Evidence associates some types of this virus to cervical carcinoma.

A

papilloma virus

82
Q

(DNA/RNA virus) papilloma virus

A

DNA virus

83
Q

(DNA/RNA virus) hepatitis B virus

A

DNA virus

84
Q

(DNA/RNA virus) epstein-bar virus

A

DNA virus

85
Q

(DNA/RNA virus) herpes simplex virus

A

DNA virus

86
Q

(DNA/RNA virus) varicella zoster virus

A

DNA virus

87
Q

(DNA/RNA virus) cytomegalovirus

A

DNA virus

88
Q

(DNA/RNA virus) vaccinia

A

DNA virus

89
Q

(DNA/RNA virus) poxviruses

A

DNA virus

90
Q

(DNA/RNA virus) variola

A

DNA virus

91
Q

(DNA/RNA virus) adenovirus

A

DNA virus

92
Q

Structure and size of papilloma virus

A

50nm in diameter, naked icosahedral

93
Q

Kissing virus

A

Epstein-Barr virus

Microbiology and Parasitology (Lec) (2 decks)

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