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Infection and Immunity > virus 1,2 > Flashcards

virus 1,2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are viruses described as

A

obligate intracellular parasites

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2
Q

what does obligate intracellular parasites mean

A

must reproduce in a host cell and use its resources for their own life cycle

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3
Q

properties of viruses

A

contains own genetic material that replicates inside host cells to reproduce, produces their own proteins/RNA to allow reproduction, host cell supplies the remainder of machinery like ribosomes, larger virus=larger genome=makes more proteins

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4
Q

describe common features of viral particles

A

-viral genomes packaged into particles, necessary for transmission between hosts
-viral genome contains info for replication within a permissive host cell
-all viruses are obligate intracellular parasites

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5
Q

describe general viral morphology

A

coverings= capsid, envelope
central core= nucleic acid (DNA/RNA), matrix proteins, enzymes

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6
Q

classify viruses into structure and morphology criterias

A

-presence or absence of envelope (envelope or naked virus)

-shape of capsid (helical or icosahedral)

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7
Q

describe the difference properties of enveloped and naked viruses

A

enveloped= sensitive to dryness/heat/detergents/acid, must stay wet to be transmitted, doesnt survive GI tract, envelop is a modified section of host membrane to mask foreignness from host cell

naked= resistant to dryness/heat/detergents/acid/proteases, infective when dry, transmitted via fomites, survives GI tract and environments on surfaces

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8
Q

name the two basic viral shapes

A

icosahedral and helical

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9
Q

why viral shapes choose icosahedral

A

nearest geometrical shape to sphere, highest volume to surface ratio, structure built from multiple repetitions of one protein, only one gene needed

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10
Q

what is a capsid and whats it made of

A

protective shell, protein subunits of capsomeres

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11
Q

describe the helical capsids in plant vs animal viruses

A

plant- rigid capsule wound into cylinders
animal- flexible capsids loose in envelope

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12
Q

describe capsid in icosahedral virus

A

capsid forms 3D icosahedron (20 side) with nucleic acid inside, naked or enveloped

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13
Q

how to classify viruses

A

baltimore classification- viruses grouped based on genomes, predicts replication mechanism, mode of expression, 7 classes

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14
Q

what is the baltimore classification based on

A
  1. where virus genome inputs central dogma of molecular biology
  2. type/nature of nucleic acid
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15
Q

types of nucleic acid

A

ds-double strand
ss-single strand
+ strand-sense strand
-strand-antisense strand

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16
Q

what is +/-strands

A

+ strand=sense strand=strand with sequence of mRNA, can be directly read by ribosome to encode protein

  • strand=antisense strand=strand complementary to mRNA, needs to be copied to make +strand/mRNA then can be used for translation
17
Q

what is horizontal transmission

A

between individuals of the same species by either contact or indirect

contact=direct like blood/sex
indirect=virus spread into environment by infected person, sneezing, second person infected by inhalation

18
Q

common infection routes

A

respiratory tract- airborne transmission (aerosols and inhalation) and fomites

GI tract- faecal oral transmission (faecal + ingestion), poor sanitation and hygiene, contaminated food and water, fomites

genital tract- sexual transmission, fluids and skin contact

blood borne viruses- travels through blood to cells, contaminated blood products, needle sharing, accidents (needle stick injury), child birth

19
Q

what is vertical transmission

A

between mother and baby/foetuus

20
Q

what does in utero mean

A

transplacental infection

21
Q

what does teratogen viruses mean

A

mild/no symptoms in mother but causes severe developmental defects or death in child, effects depend on virus and stage of pregnancy

22
Q

how can viruses be transmitted during delivery

A

through lesions or fluids

23
Q

what is viral tropism

A

specific cell type/tissue/host species that virus can interact and reproduce in, capability of an infectious virus to infect particular cells

24
Q

what does susceptibility and permissivity mean

A

susceptibility=host cells that virus can enter

permissivity=host cell that virus can replicate in

25
Q

what 2 processes must a viral particle go through to infect a cell

A

attachment and entry

26
Q

explain the 2 processes a viral particle goes through to infect a cell

A

attachment-

Infection and Immunity (6 decks)

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