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STEP 1 MICRO > Virulence Factors/Toxins > Flashcards

Virulence Factors/Toxins Flashcards

1
Q

virulence factors

staph aureus

A

Protein A

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2
Q

virulence factors

staph epidermidis

A

glycocalyces

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3
Q

virulence factors

strep pneumo

A

encapsulated bacteria, IgA protease

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4
Q

virulence factors

group A strep (strep pyogenes)

A

Protein M= major virulence factor (inhibits phagocytosis and complement activation)

streptolysin O= toxin

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5
Q

virulence factors

corynebacterium diphtheriae

A

diphtheria exotoxin: encoded by beta-prophages (specialized transduction/ lysogenation), protein synthesis via ADP- ribosylation of EF-2

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6
Q

virulence factors

clostridium tetani

A

tetanospasmin/tetanus toxin: exotoxin causing tetanus; protease that cleaves SNARE (set of proteins required for NT release via vesicular fusion)–> prevents release of inhibitory (GABA, glycine) neurotransmitters from Renshaw cells in the spinal cord

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7
Q

virulence factors

clostridium botulinum

A

botulinum toxin: preformed, heat labile toxin that inhibits ACh release at NMJ (also via cleaving snare)

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8
Q

virulence factors

clostridium perfringens

A

alpha-toxin/ lecithinase: phospholipase that degrades phospholipids–> degrades tissue and cell membranes–> death of these tissues

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9
Q

virulence factors

clostridium difficile

A

toxin A (enterotoxin): binds brush border of the gut (–> diarrhea)

toxin B (cytotoxin): causes actin depolymerizatin–> cytoskeletal disruption–> necrosis

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10
Q

virulence factors

bacillus anthracis

A

edema/ anthrax toxin: mimics adenylate cyclase enzyme (–> increases cAMP)

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11
Q

virulence factors

bacillus cereus

A

cereulide: preformed toxin

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12
Q

virulence factors

listeria monocytogenes

A

only gram positive organism to produce endotoxin

form actin “rocket tails” that allow for intracellular movement and cell-to-cell spread across cell membranes (avoiding antibody)

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13
Q

virulence factors

mycobacteria

A

cord factor: inhibits macrophage maturation, damages mitochondria, and induces the release of TNF-alpha

sulfatides: surfae glycolipids that inhibit phagolysosomal fusion

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14
Q

virulence factors

neisseria gonorrheae

A

IgA protease

pili

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15
Q

virulence factors

neisseria meningitidis

A

IgA protease

polysaccharide capsule

LPS/LOS endotoxin: severity of disease correlates with blood concentration of LOS

pili: attach to respiratory mucosa (help gain access to blood stream)

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16
Q

virulence factors

H flu

A

IgA protease: allows for colonization of the respiratory mucosa

HiB: antiphagocytic polysaccharide capsule

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17
Q

virulence factors

pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

endotoxin (fever, shock)

exotoxin A: inactivates EF-2

injectasome

mucoid polysaccharide capsule may contribute to chronic pneumonia in CF pts (via biofilm formation)

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18
Q

virulence factors

EIEC

A

microbe invades the intestinal mucosa and causes necrosis and inflammation

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19
Q

virulence factors

ETEC

A

Heat labile enterotoxin: overactivates adenylate cyclase (increases cAMP)–> increased chloride secretion and water efflux in gut

heat stable enterotoxin: overactivates guanylate cyclase (increases cGMP)–> decreased resorption of NaCl and water in the gut

note: no inflammation or infvasion

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20
Q

virulence factors

EPEC

A

no toxin; adheres to apical surface, flattens villi, prevents absorption

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21
Q

virulence factors

EHEC

A

shiga-like toxin: inactivates 60s ribsosome by removing adenine from rRNA; enhances cytokine release

22
Q

virulence factors

salmonella typhi

A

endotoxin

Vi capsule: protects from opsonization

injectisome

23
Q

virulence factors

salmonella (NOT typhi)

A

endotoxin

injectisome

24
Q

virulence factors

shigella

A

endotoxin

shiga toxin (enterotoxin)

invasion in the key to pathogenicity (toxin not necessary to still have disease)

25
Q

virulence factors

vibrio cholerae

A

enterotoxin: permanently activates Gs, increases cAMP–> NaCl efflux–> water loss

26
Q

virulence factors

chlamydiae

A

Elementary body: small/dense, enters cell via endocytosis and transforms into reticulate body

reticulate body: replicates in cell by fission then reorganizes into elementary bodies

27
Q

virulence factors

staph aureus

A

Protein A

28
Q

virulence factors

staph epidermidis

A

glycocalyces

29
Q

virulence factors

strep pneumo

A

encapsulated bacteria, IgA protease

30
Q

virulence factors

group A strep (strep pyogenes)

A

Protein M= major virulence factor (inhibits phagocytosis and complement activation)

streptolysin O= toxin

31
Q

virulence factors

corynebacterium diphtheriae

A

diphtheria exotoxin: encoded by beta-prophages (specialized transduction/ lysogenation), protein synthesis via ADP- ribosylation of EF-2

32
Q

virulence factors

clostridium tetani

A

tetanospasmin/tetanus toxin: exotoxin causing tetanus; protease that cleaves SNARE (set of proteins required for NT release via vesicular fusion)–> prevents release of inhibitory (GABA, glycine) neurotransmitters from Renshaw cells in the spinal cord

33
Q

virulence factors

clostridium botulinum

A

botulinum toxin: preformed, heat labile toxin that inhibits ACh release at NMJ (also via cleaving snare)

34
Q

virulence factors

clostridium perfringens

A

alpha-toxin/ lecithinase: phospholipase that degrades phospholipids–> degrades tissue and cell membranes–> death of these tissues

35
Q

virulence factors

clostridium difficile

A

toxin A (enterotoxin): binds brush border of the gut (–> diarrhea)

toxin B (cytotoxin): causes actin depolymerizatin–> cytoskeletal disruption–> necrosis

36
Q

virulence factors

bacillus anthracis

A

edema/ anthrax toxin: mimics adenylate cyclase enzyme (–> increases cAMP)

37
Q

virulence factors

bacillus cereus

A

cereulide: preformed toxin

38
Q

virulence factors

listeria monocytogenes

A

only gram positive organism to produce endotoxin

form actin “rocket tails” that allow for intracellular movement and cell-to-cell spread across cell membranes (avoiding antibody)

39
Q

virulence factors

mycobacteria

A

cord factor: inhibits macrophage maturation, damages mitochondria, and induces the release of TNF-alpha

sulfatides: surfae glycolipids that inhibit phagolysosomal fusion

40
Q

virulence factors

neisseria gonorrheae

A

IgA protease

pili

41
Q

virulence factors

neisseria meningitidis

A

IgA protease

polysaccharide capsule

LPS/LOS endotoxin: severity of disease correlates with blood concentration of LOS

pili: attach to respiratory mucosa (help gain access to blood stream)

42
Q

virulence factors

H flu

A

IgA protease: allows for colonization of the respiratory mucosa

HiB: antiphagocytic polysaccharide capsule

43
Q

virulence factors

pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

endotoxin (fever, shock)

exotoxin A: inactivates EF-2

injectasome

mucoid polysaccharide capsule may contribute to chronic pneumonia in CF pts (via biofilm formation)

44
Q

virulence factors

EIEC

A

microbe invades the intestinal mucosa and causes necrosis and inflammation

45
Q

virulence factors

ETEC

A

Heat labile enterotoxin: overactivates adenylate cyclase (increases cAMP)–> increased chloride secretion and water efflux in gut

heat stable enterotoxin: overactivates guanylate cyclase (increases cGMP)–> decreased resorption of NaCl and water in the gut

note: no inflammation or infvasion

46
Q

virulence factors

EPEC

A

no toxin; adheres to apical surface, flattens villi, prevents absorption

47
Q

virulence factors

EHEC

A

shiga-like toxin: inactivates 60s ribsosome by removing adenine from rRNA; enhances cytokine release

48
Q

virulence factors

salmonella typhi

A

endotoxin

Vi capsule: protects from opsonization

injectisome

49
Q

virulence factors

salmonella (NOT typhi)

A

endotoxin

injectisome

50
Q

virulence factors

shigella

A

endotoxin

shiga toxin (enterotoxin)

invasion in the key to pathogenicity (toxin not necessary to still have disease)

51
Q

virulence factors

vibrio cholerae

A

enterotoxin: permanently activates Gs, increases cAMP–> NaCl efflux–> water loss

52
Q

virulence factors

chlamydiae

A

Elementary body: small/dense, enters cell via endocytosis and transforms into reticulate body

reticulate body: replicates in cell by fission then reorganizes into elementary bodies

STEP 1 MICRO (4 decks)

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